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Class 12 Science (PCB)

Biology

Human Health and Disease

Human Health and Disease

Action PlanNotesQuestionsMock-Test
Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Personal and Public Hygiene
Accuracy: 47%
Total Attempted15
Total Correct7
Total Incorrect8
Difficulty Level:
High
Malaria and Plasmodium Life Cycle
Accuracy: 50%
Total Attempted16
Total Correct8
Total Incorrect8
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Disease and Types of Diseases
Accuracy: 58%
Total Attempted19
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect8
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Prevention and Control of Drug/Alcohol Abuse
Accuracy: 58%
Total Attempted19
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect8
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Accuracy: 60%
Total Attempted15
Total Correct9
Total Incorrect6
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted18
Total Correct12
Total Incorrect6
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Lymphoid Organs and Immune Function
Accuracy: 74%
Total Attempted19
Total Correct14
Total Incorrect5
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Malaria Species and Vector
Accuracy: 75%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Vector Control
Accuracy: 75%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Immunity
Accuracy: 76%
Total Attempted21
Total Correct16
Total Incorrect5
Difficulty Level:
Low
Carcinogens and Oncogenes
Accuracy: 80%
Total Attempted5
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Human Health and Disease
Accuracy: 82%
Total Attempted22
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect4
Difficulty Level:
Low
Amoebiasis
Accuracy: 83%
Total Attempted12
Total Correct10
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
HIV Transmission Routes
Accuracy: 85%
Total Attempted13
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Typhoid
Accuracy: 86%
Total Attempted14
Total Correct12
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Vaccination and Immunisation
Accuracy: 86%
Total Attempted21
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
Low
Cancer Biology
Accuracy: 87%
Total Attempted15
Total Correct13
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Accuracy: 88%
Total Attempted16
Total Correct14
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Autoimmune Diseases
Accuracy: 89%
Total Attempted19
Total Correct17
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Pathogen Transmission and Control
Accuracy: 91%
Total Attempted23
Total Correct21
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes
Accuracy: 92%
Total Attempted12
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Acquired Immunity
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Active and Passive Immunity
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Antibody Structure
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Ascariasis
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Cellular and Cytokine Barriers
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Common Cold
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Filariasis or Elephantiasis
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Innate Immunity
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Pathogens and Host Adaptation
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted11
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Physical and Physiological Barriers
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Pneumonia
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Ringworm
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Understand the role of biology in human health and disease.
  • Identify the impact of biological knowledge on agriculture and health sectors.
  • Explain the mechanisms of diseases such as AIDS and cancer.
  • Discuss the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on health.
  • Describe the importance of early detection and treatment of cancers.
  • Analyze the factors contributing to drug and alcohol abuse among adolescents.
  • Evaluate public health measures to prevent infectious diseases.
  • Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity.
  • Recognize the significance of lifestyle choices on health outcomes.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease

Overview of Biology in Human Welfare

  • Biology is the youngest of the formalized disciplines of natural science.
  • Progress in physics and chemistry has been faster than in biology.
  • The 20th and 21st centuries have shown the utility of biological knowledge in health and agriculture.
  • Key advancements include:
    • Discovery of antibiotics
    • Synthetic plant-derived drugs
    • Anaesthetics
  • These advancements have significantly changed medical practices and improved human health and life expectancy.

Common Diseases in Humans

Health Definition

  • Health is a state of body and mind where there is a balance of certain 'humors'.
  • Early beliefs by Greeks and Indian Ayurveda were disproven by scientific methods.

Factors Affecting Health

  1. Genetic Disorders: Deficiencies inherited from parents.
  2. Infections: Caused by pathogens.
  3. Lifestyle: Includes diet, exercise, and habits.

Immunity

  • The immune system is influenced by mental state and can maintain health.
  • Types of immunity include:
    • Innate Immunity: General defense mechanisms.
    • Acquired Immunity: Specific responses to pathogens.

AIDS

  • Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Can be prevented with precautions.

Cancer

  • A major cause of death; involves uncontrolled cell growth.
  • Types of tumors:
    • Benign Tumors: Confined to original location.
    • Malignant Tumors: Invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize.
  • Causes include physical, chemical, and biological agents (carcinogens).
  • Early detection is crucial for successful treatment.

Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

  • Methods include:
    • Biopsy and histopathological studies
    • Imaging techniques (X-rays, CT, MRI)

Treatment of Cancer

  • Common approaches:
    • Surgery
    • Radiation therapy
    • Chemotherapy
    • Immunotherapy

Drugs and Alcohol Abuse

Overview

  • Rising concern among youth; leads to harmful effects.
  • Commonly abused drugs include opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids.

Addiction and Dependence

  • Addiction is a psychological attachment to substances.
  • Dependence leads to withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped.

Effects of Drug/Alcohol Abuse

  • Immediate effects: Reckless behavior, violence, potential for overdose.
  • Long-term effects: Damage to nervous system and liver, social issues.

Prevention and Control

  • Key strategies include:
    1. Avoiding peer pressure.
    2. Education and counseling.
    3. Seeking help from parents and peers.
    4. Identifying danger signs.
    5. Seeking professional help.

Summary

  • Health encompasses physical, mental, social, and psychological well-being.
  • Diseases like typhoid, cholera, and malaria are significant health threats.
  • Public health measures and a strong immune system are essential for disease prevention.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

Top

Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Plasmodium vivax

B.

Plasmodium malariae

C.

Plasmodium falciparum

D.

Plasmodium ovale
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for causing malignant malaria, which is the most serious and potentially fatal form of the disease.

Chapter Concept:

Malaria Species and Vector

A.

Transmission through contaminated food

B.

Direct contact with blood

C.

Inhalation of droplets from infected individuals

D.

Bite of an infected insect
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The common cold virus is highly infectious due to its transmission via inhalation of droplets from coughs or sneezes of infected individuals.

Chapter Concept:

Pathogen Transmission and Control

A.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

B.

Haemophilus influenzae

C.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

D.

None of the above
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Pneumonia is primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, not pneumonia.

Chapter Concept:

Pneumonia

A.

Ensuring regular cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs

B.

Avoiding close contact with infected individuals

C.

Regular exercise to boost the immune system

D.

Consumption of vitamin-rich foods
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Avoiding close contact with infected individuals is crucial in controlling the spread of air-borne diseases like pneumonia, as these diseases can be transmitted through droplets in the air.

Chapter Concept:

Personal and Public Hygiene

A.

Chemotherapy

B.

Radiotherapy

C.

Immunotherapy

D.

Surgery
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Immunotherapy involves stimulating or restoring the immune system's ability to fight cancer.

Chapter Concept:

Cancer Biology

A.

Cannabinoids

B.

Cocaine

C.

Heroin

D.

Nicotine
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Heroin, chemically known as diacetylmorphine, is an opioid that binds to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system.

Chapter Concept:

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

A.

Morphine

B.

Cannabis

C.

Cocaine

D.

Nicotine
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine, which is obtained by acetylation of morphine.

Chapter Concept:

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

A.

Chemotherapy

B.

Radiotherapy

C.

Immunotherapy

D.

Surgery
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Immunotherapy uses substances such as α-interferon to boost the immune system's response against cancer cells.

Chapter Concept:

Cancer Biology

A.

Plasmodium completes its life cycle entirely within the human host.

B.

The female Anopheles mosquito acts as both the host and vector for Plasmodium.

C.

Malignant malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax.

D.

The rupture of liver cells is responsible for the chill and high fever in malaria.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The female Anopheles mosquito is both the host and vector for Plasmodium, as it transmits the sporozoites to humans and allows the parasite to undergo further development in its body.

Chapter Concept:

Malaria Species and Vector

A.

They stimulate the adrenal gland to release adrenaline.

B.

They have a potent stimulating action on the central nervous system.

C.

They interact with cannabinoid receptors in the brain affecting the cardiovascular system.

D.

They bind to opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Cannabinoids interact with cannabinoid receptors present in the brain and are known for their effects on the cardiovascular system.

Chapter Concept:

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Human Health and Disease

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Cancer cells lose the property of contact inhibition, which normally prevents cells from dividing uncontrollably when they come into contact with other cells. This loss leads to the formation of tumors.

Chapter Concept :

Cancer Biology

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Vaccination relies on the immune system's memory to recognize and respond more effectively to pathogens upon subsequent exposures.

Chapter Concept :

Human Health and Disease

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Innate immunity provides different types of barriers to prevent the entry of foreign agents into the body and is present from birth.

Chapter Concept :

Immunity

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and helminths, enter the body and must adapt to the host environment to multiply and interfere with normal body functions.

Chapter Concept :

Pathogens and Host Adaptation

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Cannabinoids primarily interact with cannabinoid receptors located in the brain, not the gastrointestinal tract.

Chapter Concept :

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system targeting and attacking the body's own cells, leading to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Chapter Concept :

Autoimmune Diseases

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Vaccination works by introducing antigenic preparations or weakened/inactivated pathogens into the body. This process helps the immune system develop memory cells, which results in a quicker and more robust response when the body encounters the pathogen again.

Chapter Concept :

Vaccination and Immunisation

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of antigenic polypeptides in bacteria or yeast, facilitating the creation of vaccines like the hepatitis B vaccine.

Chapter Concept :

Vaccination and Immunisation

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The thymus is indeed a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T-lymphocytes.

Chapter Concept :

Lymphoid Organs and Immune Function

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Cannabinoids are indeed obtained from the inflorescences of the Cannabis sativa plant, which are used to produce substances like marijuana and hashish.

Chapter Concept :

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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