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Structural Organisation in Animals

Structural Organisation in Animals

Action PlanNotesQuestionsMock-Test
Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Circulatory System of Frogs
Accuracy: 63%
Total Attempted46
Total Correct29
Total Incorrect17
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Digestive System of Frogs
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted55
Total Correct37
Total Incorrect18
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Diagram-Based Identification of Frog Organ Systems
Accuracy: 72%
Total Attempted25
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect7
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Frog Habitat and Adaptive Features
Accuracy: 72%
Total Attempted47
Total Correct34
Total Incorrect13
Difficulty Level:
Medium
External Morphology and Sexual Dimorphism in Frog
Accuracy: 73%
Total Attempted44
Total Correct32
Total Incorrect12
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Neural and Endocrine Systems in Frogs
Accuracy: 76%
Total Attempted66
Total Correct50
Total Incorrect16
Difficulty Level:
Low
Respiratory Mechanisms in Frogs
Accuracy: 81%
Total Attempted99
Total Correct80
Total Incorrect19
Difficulty Level:
Low
Reproductive System of Frogs
Accuracy: 81%
Total Attempted58
Total Correct47
Total Incorrect11
Difficulty Level:
Low
Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs
Accuracy: 81%
Total Attempted85
Total Correct69
Total Incorrect16
Difficulty Level:
Low
Excretory System of Frogs
Accuracy: 82%
Total Attempted66
Total Correct54
Total Incorrect12
Difficulty Level:
Low
Ecological Role of Frogs
Accuracy: 82%
Total Attempted61
Total Correct50
Total Incorrect11
Difficulty Level:
Low
Frog Sense Organs
Accuracy: 83%
Total Attempted6
Total Correct5
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Tissue and Organ Systems
Accuracy: 87%
Total Attempted76
Total Correct66
Total Incorrect10
Difficulty Level:
Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Understand the concept of organ and organ systems in multicellular organisms.
  • Identify the four basic types of tissues in complex animals.
  • Describe the morphology and anatomy of frogs as representatives of vertebrates.
  • Explain the physiological adaptations of frogs for living in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
  • Analyze the structure and function of the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems in frogs.
  • Recognize the significance of frogs in ecological balance and their role in the food chain.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Structural Organisation in Animals

7.1 Organ and Organ System

  • Definition of Tissue: A group of similar cells along with intercellular substances performing a specific function.
  • Types of Tissues: Four basic types of tissues in complex animals.
  • Organ Formation: Organs are formed by the organization of tissues.
  • Organ Systems: Two or more organs working together form an organ system (e.g., digestive system).

7.2 Frogs

  • Class: Amphibia, Phylum Chordata.
  • Common Species: Rana tigrina.
  • Body Temperature: Cold-blooded (poikilotherms).
  • Camouflage: Ability to change color for protection.
  • Hibernation and Aestivation: Summer sleep (aestivation) and winter sleep (hibernation).

7.2.1 Morphology

  • Skin: Smooth, slippery, and moist due to mucus.
  • Body Structure: Divided into head and trunk; no neck or tail.
  • Eyes: Bulged, covered by a nictitating membrane.
  • Limbs: Forelimbs and hind limbs assist in movement.

7.2.2 Anatomy

  • Digestive System: Short alimentary canal; includes mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum, and cloaca.
  • Respiratory System: Skin (cutaneous respiration) and lungs (pulmonary respiration).
  • Circulatory System: Closed system with a three-chambered heart.
  • Excretory System: Composed of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
  • Reproductive System: Male (testes) and female (ovaries) reproductive organs; external fertilization.

Important Diagrams

Figure 7.1: External Features of Frog

  • Head: Front part of the frog.
  • Eye: Located near the top of the head.
  • Trunk: Main body section.
  • Fore limb: Front leg.
  • Hind limb: Rear leg.

Figure 7.2: Internal Organs of Frog

  • Heart: Central top, red.
  • Oesophagus: Behind the liver.
  • Liver: Large, brown, lobed.
  • Gall bladder: Green, under the liver.
  • Lung: Small, pink, beside the liver.
  • Stomach: Pink, elongated, on the right side.
  • Kidney: Red, elongated, centrally located.
  • Cloaca: Posterior end for waste exit.

Figure 7.3: Male Reproductive System

  • Testis: Yellowish ovoid structures.
  • Vasa efferentia: Connect testes to kidneys.
  • Cloaca: Chamber for excretory and reproductive tracts.

Figure 7.4: Female Reproductive System

  • Ovary: Produces ova.
  • Oviduct: Transports ova to cloaca.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Cutaneous respiration

B.

Pulmonary respiration

C.

Branchial respiration

D.

Buccal respiration
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Frogs do not use branchial respiration, which is typical of fish. They use cutaneous, pulmonary, and buccal respiration.

Chapter Concept:

Frog Habitat and Adaptive Features

A.

Transport sperm from the testes to the kidneys

B.

Produce sperm

C.

Store sperm

D.

Secrete hormones
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The vasa efferentia are responsible for transporting sperm from the testes to the kidneys in frogs.

Chapter Concept:

Diagram-Based Identification of Frog Organ Systems

A.

By acting as pollinators.

B.

By consuming insects as part of their diet.

C.

By spreading insect diseases.

D.

By competing with insects for food.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Frogs help control insect populations by consuming them as part of their diet, thus protecting crops.

Chapter Concept:

Ecological Role of Frogs

A.

Male frogs have a pair of ovaries.

B.

Male frogs have a copulatory pad on the first digit of the forelimbs.

C.

Male frogs lay eggs in water.

D.

Male frogs have a single testis.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Male frogs can be distinguished by the presence of a copulatory pad on the first digit of the forelimbs, which is absent in females.

Chapter Concept:

Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs

A.

In the cloaca

B.

In the water

C.

Inside the female's body

D.

On land
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Fertilization in frogs is external and takes place in water.

Chapter Concept:

Reproductive System of Frogs

A.

They transport digestive enzymes

B.

They act as urinogenital ducts

C.

They store urine

D.

They produce sperm
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In male frogs, the ureters function as urinogenital ducts, which means they carry both urine and sperm to the cloaca.

Chapter Concept:

Excretory System of Frogs

A.

It is dry and scaly.

B.

It is smooth and slippery due to mucus.

C.

It is covered with feathers.

D.

It is covered with fur.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The skin of frogs is smooth and slippery due to the presence of mucus, which helps in maintaining moisture.

Chapter Concept:

Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs

A.

They store urine temporarily.

B.

They act as a passage for urine to the cloaca.

C.

They produce urea.

D.

They filter blood to form urine.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In male frogs, the ureters act as urinogenital ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the cloaca.

Chapter Concept:

Excretory System of Frogs

A.

Frog skin is involved in cutaneous respiration.

B.

Frog skin is dry and scaly to prevent water loss.

C.

Frog skin absorbs water directly from the environment.

D.

Frog skin contains mucous glands that help in keeping it moist.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Frog skin is not dry and scaly; it is moist and contains mucous glands to aid in respiration and water absorption.

Chapter Concept:

Frog Habitat and Adaptive Features

A.

Liver

B.

Gall bladder

C.

Pancreas

D.

Stomach
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The gall bladder stores bile produced by the liver.

Chapter Concept:

Digestive System of Frogs

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Structural Organisation in Animals

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In male frogs, the ureters act as urinogenital ducts, which means they carry both urine and sperm to the cloaca. In female frogs, the ureters and oviducts open separately into the cloaca.

Chapter Concept :

Diagram-Based Identification of Frog Organ Systems

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The body cavity of frogs accommodates different organ systems such as the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems.

Chapter Concept :

Tissue and Organ Systems

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In multicellular organisms, tissues are defined as a group of similar cells along with intercellular substances that perform a specific function.

Chapter Concept :

Tissue and Organ Systems

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Frogs are carnivorous, which results in a shorter alimentary canal as they do not require extensive digestion of plant material.

Chapter Concept :

Digestive System of Frogs

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Frogs possess a closed circulatory system that includes a heart with three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.

Chapter Concept :

Circulatory System of Frogs

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Frogs reproduce through external fertilization in water, where the eggs hatch into a larval stage known as a tadpole, which undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult frog.

Chapter Concept :

Reproductive System of Frogs

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Frogs undergo external fertilization in water, and their development includes a larval stage called a tadpole, which undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult frog.

Chapter Concept :

Reproductive System of Frogs

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Frog blood contains plasma and cells, and their red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated, which is typical for amphibians.

Chapter Concept :

Circulatory System of Frogs

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Frogs use their skin as an aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration) to exchange dissolved oxygen in water through diffusion.

Chapter Concept :

Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Frogs are integral to ecosystems as they consume insects, which helps control pest populations, and they also serve as prey for higher trophic levels, thus maintaining ecological balance.

Chapter Concept :

Ecological Role of Frogs

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