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Class 11 Science (PCB)

Biology – Zoology

Locomotion and Movement

Locomotion and Movement

Action PlanNotesQuestionsMock-Test
Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Contractile Proteins: Actin and Myosin
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted18
Total Correct12
Total Incorrect6
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Neuromuscular Junction and Motor Unit
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted21
Total Correct14
Total Incorrect7
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Red and White Muscle Fibres
Accuracy: 69%
Total Attempted13
Total Correct9
Total Incorrect4
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Accuracy: 70%
Total Attempted23
Total Correct16
Total Incorrect7
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Axial Skeleton
Accuracy: 77%
Total Attempted13
Total Correct10
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
Low
Sarcomere and Myofibril Organisation
Accuracy: 82%
Total Attempted22
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect4
Difficulty Level:
Low
Muscle Structure and Function
Accuracy: 86%
Total Attempted21
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
Low
Vertebral Column and Rib Cage
Accuracy: 86%
Total Attempted7
Total Correct6
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Types of Movement
Accuracy: 89%
Total Attempted18
Total Correct16
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Synovial Joint Types and Examples
Accuracy: 92%
Total Attempted12
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
Accuracy: 94%
Total Attempted16
Total Correct15
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Types of Joints
Accuracy: 94%
Total Attempted17
Total Correct16
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Appendicular Skeleton and Girdles
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted16
Total Correct16
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Skeletal System
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted22
Total Correct22
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Types of Muscles
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted12
Total Correct12
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Understand the types of movements exhibited by living organisms.
  • Describe the different types of muscle tissues and their functions.
  • Explain the structure and function of the skeletal system.
  • Identify the types of joints and their roles in locomotion.
  • Discuss disorders related to the muscular and skeletal systems.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Chapter: Locomotion and Movement

17.1 Types of Movement

  • Movement is a significant feature of living beings.
  • Animals and plants exhibit a wide range of movements.
  • Types of movements include:
    • Amoeboid Movement: Seen in unicellular organisms like Amoeba.
    • Ciliary Movement: Occurs in internal tubular organs lined by ciliated epithelium.
    • Muscular Movement: Involves limbs, jaws, tongue, etc.

17.2 Muscle Movement

  • Muscles are specialized tissues of mesodermal origin, contributing 40-50% of body weight.
  • Properties of muscles:
    • Excitability
    • Contractility
    • Extensibility
    • Elasticity
  • Types of muscles:
    • Skeletal Muscles: Striated, voluntary, associated with skeletal components.
    • Visceral Muscles: Non-striated, involuntary, located in hollow organs.
    • Cardiac Muscles: Striated, branched, involuntary, found in the heart.

17.3 Skeletal System

  • Composed of bones and cartilages, crucial for movement.
  • Human skeleton consists of 206 bones, divided into:
    • Axial Skeleton: 80 bones (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum).
    • Appendicular Skeleton: Limb bones and girdles.

17.4 Joints

  • Joints are points of contact between bones or between bones and cartilages.
  • Types of joints:
    • Fibrous Joints: No movement (e.g., sutures in the skull).
    • Cartilaginous Joints: Limited movement (e.g., joints between vertebrae).
    • Synovial Joints: Allow considerable movement (e.g., ball and socket, hinge joints).

17.5 Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

  • Myasthenia Gravis: Autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction.
  • Muscular Dystrophy: Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle.
  • Tetany: Rapid spasms due to low calcium levels.
  • Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
  • Osteoporosis: Decreased bone mass, increased fracture risk.
  • Gout: Inflammation due to uric acid crystal accumulation.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Suture joint in the skull

B.

Ball and socket joint between humerus and pectoral girdle

C.

Cartilaginous joint between vertebrae

D.

Fibrous joint in the cranium
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The ball and socket joint, such as the one between the humerus and pectoral girdle, is a type of synovial joint that allows for a wide range of movement.

Chapter Concept:

Types of Joints

A.

The 'I' band lengthens.

B.

The 'I' band shortens.

C.

The 'I' band remains unchanged.

D.

The 'I' band disappears completely.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During muscle contraction, the 'I' bands get reduced as the actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments.

Chapter Concept:

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

A.

Clavicle

B.

Femur

C.

Tibia

D.

Fibula
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula, which help in the articulation of the upper limbs with the axial skeleton.

Chapter Concept:

Appendicular Skeleton and Girdles

A.

Gout

B.

Osteoporosis

C.

Tetany

D.

Myasthenia gravis
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Gout is a condition where uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints, causing inflammation.

Chapter Concept:

Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

A.

It includes the vertebral column and ribs.

B.

It consists of limb bones and girdles.

C.

It is primarily responsible for protecting vital organs.

D.

It includes the skull and sternum.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The appendicular skeleton consists of the limb bones and the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Chapter Concept:

Appendicular Skeleton and Girdles

A.

Fibrous joint

B.

Cartilaginous joint

C.

Synovial joint

D.

Gliding joint
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Fibrous joints are found between the flat bones of the skull, known as sutures, and they do not allow any movement.

Chapter Concept:

Types of Joints

A.

The A band contains only actin filaments, while the I band contains both actin and myosin filaments.

B.

The A band contains both actin and myosin filaments, while the I band contains only actin filaments.

C.

The A band shortens during contraction, while the I band remains unchanged.

D.

The I band contains only myosin filaments, while the A band contains both actin and myosin filaments.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The A band is composed of overlapping actin and myosin filaments, whereas the I band contains only actin filaments.

Chapter Concept:

Sarcomere and Myofibril Organisation

A.

80

B.

126

C.

206

D.

22
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The axial skeleton comprises 80 bones, which include the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.

Chapter Concept:

Axial Skeleton

A.

The binding of ATP to myosin

B.

An action potential generated by the motor neuron

C.

The detachment of myosin from actin

D.

The breakdown of glycogen
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

An action potential generated by the motor neuron triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, initiating muscle contraction.

Chapter Concept:

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

A.

Facilitate the passage of ova through the female reproductive tract

B.

Assist in the movement of limbs

C.

Help in removing dust particles and foreign substances from the trachea

D.

Aid in the contraction of muscles
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Ciliary movement in the trachea helps in removing dust particles and some foreign substances inhaled along with atmospheric air.

Chapter Concept:

Types of Movement

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Locomotion and Movement

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The vertebral column is indeed composed of 26 vertebrae, divided into cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (1-fused), and coccygeal (1-fused) regions.

Chapter Concept :

Vertebral Column and Rib Cage

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Synovial joints are characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity which allows for a wide range of movements, making them essential for locomotion and other types of movements.

Chapter Concept :

Types of Joints

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Skeletal muscles are associated with the skeletal components of the body, have a striped appearance under the microscope, and are under voluntary control of the nervous system.

Chapter Concept :

Muscle Structure and Function

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Actin is a protein that forms the thin filament in muscle fibers, as described in the text.

Chapter Concept :

Contractile Proteins: Actin and Myosin

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Skeletal muscles are closely associated with the skeletal components of the body, have a striped appearance under the microscope, and their activities are under voluntary control of the nervous system.

Chapter Concept :

Muscle Structure and Function

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The neuromuscular junction, also known as the motor-end plate, is indeed the site where a motor neuron and a muscle fiber meet. Acetylcholine is released from the neuron, which generates an action potential in the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber, initiating muscle contraction.

Chapter Concept :

Neuromuscular Junction and Motor Unit

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Fibrous joints are characterized by dense fibrous connective tissues and are immovable, as seen in the sutures of the skull.

Chapter Concept :

Types of Joints

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Myasthenia gravis is indeed an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, and paralysis of skeletal muscles.

Chapter Concept :

Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The neuromuscular junction, also known as the motor-end plate, is indeed the site where a motor neuron connects with the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, allowing for the transmission of neural signals to initiate muscle contraction.

Chapter Concept :

Neuromuscular Junction and Motor Unit

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The sliding filament theory is the accepted model for muscle contraction, where actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Chapter Concept :

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

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