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Respiration in Plants

Respiration in Plants

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Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Aerobic Respiration vs Fermentation
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High
Electron Transport System (ETS)
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Fermentation
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High
Respiratory Balance Sheet
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Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
Accuracy: 33%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
High
Amphibolic Pathway
Accuracy: 50%
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Medium
Glycolysis
Accuracy: 67%
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Medium
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Accuracy: 67%
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Medium
Krebs Cycle
Accuracy: 80%
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Total Correct4
Total Incorrect1
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Low
Aerobic Respiration
Accuracy: 100%
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Low
Fate of Pyruvate
Accuracy: 100%
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Plant Respiration and Gaseous Exchange
Accuracy: 100%
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Pyruvate Oxidation / Link Reaction
Accuracy: 100%
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Respiration, Combustion and Stepwise Energy Release
Accuracy: 100%
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Respiratory Substrates and ATP as Energy Currency
Accuracy: 100%
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Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Understand the process of respiration in plants.
  • Differentiate between respiration and combustion.
  • Explain the steps involved in glycolysis and its significance.
  • Describe the process of fermentation and its types.
  • Outline the stages of aerobic respiration and the role of mitochondria.
  • Define the respiratory quotient (RQ) and its significance in respiration.
  • Discuss the concept of the amphibolic pathway in respiration.
  • Identify the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
  • Analyze the role of various respiratory substrates in energy production.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Respiration in Plants

12.1 Do Plants Breathe?

  • Breathing is essential for life.
  • All living organisms, including plants and microbes, breathe.

12.2 Glycolysis

  • Energy is required for daily life activities (absorption, transport, movement, reproduction).
  • Glycolysis is the process where glucose is partially oxidized to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm of all living organisms.

12.3 Fermentation

  • Occurs under anaerobic conditions.
  • Can lead to lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.

12.4 Aerobic Respiration

  • Takes place in the mitochondria.
  • Involves complete oxidation of pyruvate, producing CO₂ and ATP.
  • Key steps:
    • Pyruvate enters the mitochondria.
    • Oxidative decarboxylation occurs, producing Acetyl CoA.
    • Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.

12.5 The Respiratory Balance Sheet

  • Net gain of ATP during aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule is 38 ATP.
  • Assumptions for calculations:
    • Sequential pathway functioning.
    • NADH from glycolysis is transferred to mitochondria.
    • Only glucose is respired.

12.6 Amphibolic Pathway

  • The respiratory pathway involves both anabolism and catabolism.

12.7 Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

  • RQ = volume of CO₂ evolved / volume of O₂ consumed.
  • RQ varies with the type of respiratory substrate:
    • Carbohydrates: RQ = 1
    • Fats: RQ < 1
    • Proteins: RQ ≈ 0.9

Important Processes

  • Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP synthesis linked to electron transport.
  • Electron Transport System (ETS): Located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, crucial for ATP production.

Key Metabolic Pathways

  • Glycolysis: Converts glucose to pyruvate.
  • Krebs Cycle: Processes Acetyl CoA to produce CO₂ and energy carriers (NADH, FADH₂).
  • ATP Synthesis: Involves ATP synthase and proton gradient.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Glycolysis

B.

Fermentation

C.

Krebs' Cycle

D.

Photosynthesis
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The Krebs' Cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is responsible for the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2CO_2 and H2OH_2O in the presence of oxygen.

Chapter Concept:

Respiration, Combustion and Stepwise Energy Release

A.

32 ATP

B.

36 ATP

C.

38 ATP

D.

40 ATP
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The theoretical net gain of ATP during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose is 38 ATP, assuming a sequential and orderly pathway.

Chapter Concept:

Respiratory Balance Sheet

A.

Citrate synthase

B.

Aconitase

C.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

D.

Fumarase
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, the first step of the Krebs cycle.

Chapter Concept:

Krebs Cycle

A.

It acts as an electron acceptor.

B.

It serves as a carrier of the acetyl group.

C.

It is a substrate for ATP production.

D.

It is an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Coenzyme A (CoA) functions as a carrier molecule for the acetyl group, forming acetyl-CoA during the link reaction.

Chapter Concept:

Pyruvate Oxidation / Link Reaction

A.

Fermentation produces fewer ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

B.

Fermentation requires more oxygen than aerobic respiration.

C.

Fermentation produces more CO2CO_2 than aerobic respiration.

D.

Fermentation occurs only in the mitochondria.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Fermentation results in a net gain of only 2 ATP per glucose molecule, whereas aerobic respiration can produce up to 38 ATP per glucose molecule.

Chapter Concept:

Fermentation

A.

Carbon dioxide (CO2CO_2)

B.

Water (H2OH_2O)

C.

Oxygen (O2O_2)

D.

NADH
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Oxygen (O2O_2) acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water.

Chapter Concept:

Aerobic Respiration

A.

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)

B.

Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase)

C.

Complex III (Cytochrome bc₁)

D.

Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Complex I, also known as NADH dehydrogenase, is responsible for transferring electrons from NADH to ubiquinone in the electron transport chain.

Chapter Concept:

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A.

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)

B.

Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase)

C.

Complex III (Cytochrome bc₁)

D.

Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Complex I, also known as NADH dehydrogenase, is responsible for transferring electrons from NADH to ubiquinone in the ETS.

Chapter Concept:

Electron Transport System (ETS)

A.

To act as a substrate for glycolysis

B.

To serve as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

C.

To directly convert glucose into energy

D.

To initiate the Krebs' cycle
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the production of water and the continuation of the process.

Chapter Concept:

Respiration, Combustion and Stepwise Energy Release

A.

To directly oxidize glucose into carbon dioxide and water.

B.

To facilitate the transport of oxygen into the mitochondria.

C.

To drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase.

D.

To convert NADH back into NAD⁺.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The proton gradient created across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase, as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix.

Chapter Concept:

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Respiration in Plants

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Unlike combustion, cellular respiration releases energy in a series of slow, enzyme-controlled steps, allowing it to be captured in ATP.

Chapter Concept :

Respiration, Combustion and Stepwise Energy Release

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Aerobic respiration is characterized by the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2CO_2 and H2OH_2O with the involvement of oxygen, which leads to the production of a significant amount of ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Chapter Concept :

Aerobic Respiration

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of ATP synthesis driven by the transfer of electrons through the electron transport system (ETS) and the creation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Chapter Concept :

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells, not in the cytoplasm.

Chapter Concept :

Krebs Cycle

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The ETS is indeed located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions to transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, facilitating ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.

Chapter Concept :

Electron Transport System (ETS)

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The respiratory pathway is amphibolic as it participates in both the breakdown (catabolism) and synthesis (anabolism) of biomolecules. This dual role allows it to serve as a link between catabolic and anabolic processes.

Chapter Concept :

Amphibolic Pathway

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The ETS is indeed located in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it facilitates the transfer of electrons from NADHNADH and FADH2FADH_2 to oxygen, driving ATP synthesis.

Chapter Concept :

Electron Transport System (ETS)

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, not in the cytoplasm.

Chapter Concept :

Krebs Cycle

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Fermentation is an anaerobic process where pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2CO_2, not resulting in complete oxidation of glucose.

Chapter Concept :

Fermentation

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Cellular respiration involves the stepwise enzymatic oxidation of glucose, allowing energy to be trapped in ATP, unlike combustion which releases energy mostly as heat in a single step.

Chapter Concept :

Respiration, Combustion and Stepwise Energy Release

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