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Class 11 Science (PCB)

Biology – Botany

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Growth and Development

Action PlanNotesQuestionsMock-Test
Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
Accuracy: 40%
Total Attempted5
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
High
Arithmetic, Geometric and Sigmoid Growth
Accuracy: 50%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Medium
PGR Interactions and Antagonism
Accuracy: 50%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Physiological Effects of Ethylene
Accuracy: 50%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Indeterminate Growth and Meristems
Accuracy: 56%
Total Attempted9
Total Correct5
Total Incorrect4
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators
Accuracy: 60%
Total Attempted5
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Environmental Influence on Plant Growth
Accuracy: 64%
Total Attempted14
Total Correct9
Total Incorrect5
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Redifferentiation
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted9
Total Correct6
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Plasticity in Plant Development
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted6
Total Correct4
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Physiological Effects of Auxins
Accuracy: 75%
Total Attempted8
Total Correct6
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Physiological Effects of Gibberellins
Accuracy: 77%
Total Attempted13
Total Correct10
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
Low
Growth Measurement and Rates
Accuracy: 78%
Total Attempted9
Total Correct7
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Phases of Plant Growth
Accuracy: 78%
Total Attempted9
Total Correct7
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Physiological Effects of Abscisic Acid
Accuracy: 78%
Total Attempted9
Total Correct7
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Plant Growth and Development
Accuracy: 82%
Total Attempted11
Total Correct9
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
PGR Applications in Agriculture and Horticulture
Accuracy: 83%
Total Attempted6
Total Correct5
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Absolute and Relative Growth Rate
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Conditions Required for Growth
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted1
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Physiological Effects of Cytokinins
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted6
Total Correct6
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem, and growth rate.
  • Explain the significance of meristems in plant growth.
  • Describe the phases of growth: lag, log, and senescent.
  • Differentiate between arithmetic and geometric growth.
  • Identify the roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in plant growth and development.
  • Discuss the physiological effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs).
  • Analyze the relationship between cell structure and function in plant tissues.
  • Illustrate the process of seed germination and the conditions necessary for growth.
  • Explain the concept of plasticity in plant development.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Plant Growth and Development

13.1 Growth

  • Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell.
  • Plant growth is unique due to the presence of meristems, allowing for unlimited growth throughout their life.
  • Growth can be categorized into two types:
    • Arithmetic Growth: Only one daughter cell continues to divide after mitotic division.
    • Geometric Growth: Both daughter cells retain the ability to divide.

13.1.1 Conditions for Growth

  • Essential conditions include:
    • Water
    • Oxygen
    • Nutrients
    • Optimum temperature range

13.1.4 Growth Rates

  • Growth rates can be expressed mathematically:
    • Arithmetic Growth:
      • Formula: Lₜ = L₀ + rt
        • Lₜ = length at time 't'
        • L₀ = length at time 'zero'
        • r = growth rate / elongation per unit time.
    • Geometric Growth:
      • Formula: W₁ = W₀e^(rt)
        • W₁ = final size (weight, height, number, etc.)
        • W₀ = initial size at the beginning of the period
        • r = growth rate
        • t = time of growth
        • e = base of natural logarithms.

13.2 Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Redifferentiation

  • Differentiation: The process where cells mature to perform specific functions.
  • Dedifferentiation: Living differentiated cells regain the capacity to divide under certain conditions.
  • Redifferentiation: Cells that lose the capacity to divide mature to perform specific functions again.

13.3 Development

  • Development encompasses all changes an organism undergoes during its life cycle from germination to senescence.
  • Development is influenced by both intrinsic factors (like plant growth regulators) and extrinsic factors (like light and temperature).

Important Diagrams

Diagram of Cell Division Phases

  • Arithmetic Phase: One cell divides, one differentiates.
  • Geometric Phase: All cells divide, increasing cell number exponentially.

Diagram of Carpel Structure

  • Stigma: Top part where pollen lands.
  • Style: Tube connecting stigma to ovary.
  • Ovary: Contains ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization.

Diagram of Plant Cell Life Cycle

  • Stages: Meristematic cell → Cell Division → Plasmatic Growth → Differentiation → Maturation → Senescence → Death.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Apply auxins to increase root growth and nutrient uptake.

B.

Apply cytokinins to enhance leaf growth and photosynthesis.

C.

Apply gibberellins to increase stem length and sugar yield.

D.

Apply abscisic acid to induce drought resistance and improve sugar concentration.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Applying gibberellins to sugarcane increases the length of the stem, which in turn increases the sugar yield by as much as 20 tonnes per acre.

Chapter Concept:

Physiological Effects of Gibberellins

A.

Differentiation

B.

Dedifferentiation

C.

Redifferentiation

D.

Senescence
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Dedifferentiation is the process where differentiated cells regain the capacity to divide, forming meristems like interfascicular cambium.

Chapter Concept:

Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Redifferentiation

A.

Water

B.

Oxygen

C.

Carbon dioxide

D.

Optimum temperature
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Carbon dioxide is not listed as an essential condition for growth in the provided excerpts. Essential conditions include water, oxygen, nutrients, optimum temperature, light, and gravity.

Chapter Concept:

Conditions Required for Growth

A.

Auxins

B.

Gibberellins

C.

Cytokinins

D.

Abscisic acid
Correct Answer: D

Solution:

Abscisic acid (ABA) is known for its role in inducing dormancy and acts as an antagonist to gibberellins, which promote growth.

Chapter Concept:

PGR Interactions and Antagonism

A.

Gibberellins

B.

Auxins

C.

Cytokinins

D.

Abscisic acid
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Auxins, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA), are known to promote rooting in stem cuttings and are extensively used in agriculture.

Chapter Concept:

Environmental Influence on Plant Growth

A.

Arithmetic growth involves all cells dividing, while geometric growth involves only one cell dividing.

B.

Arithmetic growth results in a sigmoid curve, while geometric growth results in a linear curve.

C.

Arithmetic growth involves one daughter cell continuing to divide, while geometric growth involves both daughter cells continuing to divide.

D.

Arithmetic growth is faster than geometric growth due to constant nutrient supply.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

In arithmetic growth, following cell division, only one daughter cell continues to divide, leading to a linear increase. In geometric growth, both daughter cells retain the ability to divide, resulting in exponential growth.

Chapter Concept:

Arithmetic, Geometric and Sigmoid Growth

A.

Inducing seed germination

B.

Promoting leaf senescence

C.

Increasing the length of grape stalks

D.

Enhancing fruit elongation in apples
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Gibberellins delay senescence, allowing fruits to remain on the tree longer, whereas promoting leaf senescence is not a function of gibberellins.

Chapter Concept:

Physiological Effects of Gibberellins

A.

Lt=5+2tL_t = 5 + 2t

B.

Lt=5×2tL_t = 5 \times 2^t

C.

Lt=5+2t2L_t = 5 + 2t^2

D.

Lt=5×2tL_t = 5 \times 2t
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The growth is arithmetic, represented by the equation Lt=L0+rtL_t = L_0 + rt, where L0L_0 is the initial length (5 cm), rr is the growth rate (2 cm per week), and tt is time in weeks.

Chapter Concept:

Growth Measurement and Rates

A.

It inhibits root growth, reducing absorption.

B.

It promotes rapid internode and petiole elongation.

C.

It enhances chlorophyll production in leaves.

D.

It reduces the rate of photosynthesis.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Ethylene promotes rapid internode and petiole elongation in deep-water rice plants, helping the leaves and upper parts of the shoot to remain above water.

Chapter Concept:

Physiological Effects of Ethylene

A.

It inhibits the ripening process.

B.

It accelerates the ripening process.

C.

It has no effect on ripening.

D.

It only affects root growth.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Ethylene is a gaseous plant growth regulator that accelerates the ripening process of fruits by enhancing the respiration rate, known as the respiratory climactic.

Chapter Concept:

Environmental Influence on Plant Growth

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Plant Growth and Development

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Dedifferentiation refers to the phenomenon where differentiated cells, which have lost the capacity to divide, regain this ability under certain conditions.

Chapter Concept :

Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Redifferentiation

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Auxins are known to promote apical dominance, which is the suppression of lateral bud growth by the apical bud. This is due to the auxins produced at the shoot tip that inhibit the growth of lateral buds.

Chapter Concept :

Physiological Effects of Auxins

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Environmental factors like light and gravity affect plant growth and development, often mediated by plant growth regulators, which play a crucial role in these processes.

Chapter Concept :

Environmental Influence on Plant Growth

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Optimum temperature is essential for plant growth as it is one of the critical conditions required for the growth and development of plants. Any deviation from the optimum temperature range can be detrimental to plant survival.

Chapter Concept :

Conditions Required for Growth

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Plants have meristems such as root apical, shoot apical, vascular cambium, and cork cambium, which enable continuous growth by adding new cells to the plant body.

Chapter Concept :

Indeterminate Growth and Meristems

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In geometric growth, after each cell division, both daughter cells continue to divide, resulting in exponential growth, characterized by a rapid increase in cell number during the log phase.

Chapter Concept :

Arithmetic, Geometric and Sigmoid Growth

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The elongation phase is characterized by increased vacuolation, cell enlargement, and new cell wall deposition, which are essential for the growth of plant cells.

Chapter Concept :

Phases of Plant Growth

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In the meristematic phase, cells are actively dividing and are rich in protoplasm with large nuclei, which is essential for their function in growth.

Chapter Concept :

Phases of Plant Growth

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Arithmetic growth involves one daughter cell continuing to divide, resulting in a linear increase in size, as opposed to geometric growth where all progeny cells retain the ability to divide.

Chapter Concept :

Growth Measurement and Rates

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Environmental factors like light, temperature, and gravity can influence plant growth and development by affecting the activity of plant growth regulators (PGRs), which are intrinsic factors controlling these processes.

Chapter Concept :

Environmental Influence on Plant Growth

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