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Indian Sociologists

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Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
A.R. Desai's Marxist Perspective on the State
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Caste System and Social Stratification
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Contributions of L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer and Sarat Chandra Roy
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D.P. Mukerji's Concept of Living Tradition
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Development of Indian Sociology
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G.S. Ghurye's Influence on Indian Sociology
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M.N. Srinivas and Village Studies
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Role of Colonialism in Indian Modernity
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Structural Functionalism in Indian Context
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Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Understand the development of Indian sociology and its adaptation of Western sociological concepts to the Indian context.
  • Examine the role of colonialism in shaping Indian modernity and its impact on sociological thought.
  • Analyze the contributions of L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer and Sarat Chandra Roy to Indian anthropology and sociology through their ethnographic work.
  • Explore G.S. Ghurye's influence on institutionalizing sociology in India and his views on caste, race, and tribal assimilation.
  • Analyze the hierarchical nature of the caste system and its implications for social stratification and mobility in India.
  • Explore D.P. Mukerji's concept of 'living tradition' and its significance in understanding Indian social traditions.
  • Examine A.R. Desai's Marxist critique of the welfare state and his analysis of Indian nationalism.
  • Highlight M.N. Srinivas' contributions to village studies and the use of ethnographic methods to understand social change in rural India.
  • Discuss the application of structural functionalism in Indian sociology, particularly through the works of M.N. Srinivas.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Chapter Notes

Development of Indian Sociology

  • Establishment: Sociology in India began with formal university teaching in 1919 at the University of Bombay, followed by Calcutta and Lucknow in the 1920s.
  • Evolution: Indian sociology adapted Western concepts to its unique historical and social context, questioning its role in a colonial and post-colonial society.

Role of Colonialism in Indian Modernity

  • Colonial Influence: India's encounter with modernity was intertwined with colonial subjugation, influencing the development of sociological thought.
  • Questions Raised: The role of sociology in a sovereign India and its relevance in planned development and democracy were key concerns.

Contributions of L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer and Sarat Chandra Roy

  • L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer: Conducted ethnographic surveys in Cochin and Mysore, gaining national and international recognition.
  • Sarat Chandra Roy: Known for his work on tribal societies in Chhotanagpur, founded the journal 'Man in India'.

G.S. Ghurye's Influence on Indian Sociology

  • Institutionalization: Founded the first post-graduate sociology department at Bombay University and the Indian Sociological Society.
  • Research Focus: Known for his work on caste and race, and his views on tribal assimilation into Hindu society.

Caste System and Social Stratification

  • Definition: Ghurye's six features of caste include segmental division, hierarchy, restrictions on social interaction, differential rights, occupational restrictions, and endogamy.
  • Implications: Caste is a rigid form of social stratification affecting social mobility.

D.P. Mukerji's Concept of Living Tradition

  • Living Tradition: Tradition as a dynamic process incorporating change while maintaining links with the past.
  • Cultural Understanding: Emphasized the importance of understanding Indian social traditions and their evolution.

A.R. Desai's Marxist Perspective on the State

  • Critique of Welfare State: Desai critiqued the welfare state from a Marxist perspective, questioning its effectiveness in addressing social inequalities.
  • State and Society: Analyzed the role of the state in economic processes and social divisions.

M.N. Srinivas and Village Studies

  • Village Focus: Conducted ethnographic studies on Indian villages, emphasizing their role in understanding social change.
  • Methodology: Advocated for the importance of village studies in sociology, countering views that prioritized caste over village as a social unit.

Structural Functionalism in Indian Context

  • Application: M.N. Srinivas applied structural functionalism to analyze social institutions like caste and village, contributing to the understanding of Indian society.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Tradition should be preserved without any change.

B.

Tradition is static and does not adapt to modern influences.

C.

Tradition is a living entity that maintains links with the past while adapting to the present.

D.

Tradition is irrelevant in the context of modern Indian society.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

D.P. Mukerji viewed tradition as a living entity that maintains links with the past while adapting to the present, thus evolving over time.

Chapter Concept:

Structural Functionalism in Indian Context

A.

A mixed economy

B.

A laissez-faire economic policy

C.

Democratic institutions

D.

Interventionist policies
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Desai identifies a welfare state as having a mixed economy, democratic institutions, and interventionist policies, contrasting with laissez-faire economics.

Chapter Concept:

A.R. Desai's Marxist Perspective on the State

A.

By founding the first sociology department at the University of Calcutta.

B.

By establishing the Indian Sociological Society and its journal, Sociological Bulletin.

C.

By writing extensively on Western sociology theories.

D.

By focusing exclusively on the study of Indian tribes.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

G.S. Ghurye played a pivotal role in institutionalizing sociology in India by establishing the Indian Sociological Society and its journal, Sociological Bulletin.

Chapter Concept:

G.S. Ghurye's Influence on Indian Sociology

A.

Anubhava represents the static aspect of tradition.

B.

Anubhava is the revolutionary principle that leads to collective experience and change.

C.

Anubhava is irrelevant in the context of Indian traditions.

D.

Anubhava is synonymous with economic change.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

D.P. Mukerji considered 'anubhava' or personal experience as the revolutionary principle in Indian traditions, which evolves into collective experience and facilitates change.

Chapter Concept:

Caste System and Social Stratification

A.

They should focus solely on Western sociological theories.

B.

They should be rooted in Indian traditions and understand both high and low cultures.

C.

They should ignore traditional practices and focus only on modern developments.

D.

They should adopt a purely economic perspective on social systems.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

D.P. Mukerji argued that Indian sociologists should be rooted in Indian traditions and understand both high and low cultures to truly comprehend the social system.

Chapter Concept:

D.P. Mukerji's Concept of Living Tradition

A.

He argued that villages were static and unchanging.

B.

He emphasized the importance of ethnographic research and highlighted the dynamic nature of villages.

C.

He believed that villages were irrelevant to sociological studies.

D.

He promoted the idea that villages were isolated from larger social structures.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

M.N. Srinivas emphasized the importance of ethnographic research in studying villages and highlighted their dynamic nature, countering the view that they were static and isolated.

Chapter Concept:

Role of Colonialism in Indian Modernity

A.

Individualistic action.

B.

Voluntaristic individual action.

C.

Group, sect, or caste-oriented action.

D.

Purely economic action.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

D.P. Mukerji believed that the Indian social system is primarily oriented towards group, sect, or caste-action, rather than individualistic action.

Chapter Concept:

D.P. Mukerji's Concept of Living Tradition

A.

Deciding the role of sociology in a colonial context.

B.

Finding Western sociologists willing to work in India.

C.

Translating Western sociological texts into Indian languages.

D.

Ensuring sociology was only taught in religious institutions.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Early Indian sociologists had to determine the role of sociology in a colonial context, where modernity was intertwined with colonial subjugation.

Chapter Concept:

Role of Colonialism in Indian Modernity

A.

Their isolation from mainstream Hindu society.

B.

Their inherent cultural inferiority.

C.

Their constant interaction with Hinduism.

D.

Their resistance to modernization.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Ghurye argued that tribal societies were not isolated but had been in constant interaction with Hinduism, which contributed to their perceived backwardness.

Chapter Concept:

G.S. Ghurye's Influence on Indian Sociology

A.

By founding the Indian Sociological Society

B.

By establishing the first post-graduate department of sociology at Bombay University

C.

By publishing the journal 'Sociological Bulletin'

D.

All of the above
Correct Answer: D

Solution:

G.S. Ghurye contributed to the institutionalization of sociology in India by founding the Indian Sociological Society, establishing the first post-graduate department of sociology at Bombay University, and publishing the journal 'Sociological Bulletin'.

Chapter Concept:

Development of Indian Sociology

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True or False

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

G.S. Ghurye argued that Indian tribes were 'backward Hindus' rather than distinct cultural groups, emphasizing their long-standing interactions with Hinduism.

Chapter Concept :

Structural Functionalism in Indian Context

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The University of Bombay was the first to introduce formal university teaching of sociology in 1919.

Chapter Concept :

Development of Indian Sociology

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

G.S. Ghurye's definition of caste includes segmental division and hierarchical division as key features, where castes are closed, mutually exclusive segments and are strictly unequal to each other.

Chapter Concept :

Caste System and Social Stratification

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

D.P. Mukerji's concept of 'living tradition' involves maintaining connections with the past and adapting to present changes, highlighting the dynamic nature of tradition.

Chapter Concept :

D.P. Mukerji's Concept of Living Tradition

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

M.N. Srinivas argued that the village was a relevant social entity and criticized the view that villages were unchanging and self-sufficient, showing that they had experienced considerable change and were involved in various economic, social, and political relationships.

Chapter Concept :

Caste System and Social Stratification

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

A.R. Desai critiques the welfare state, arguing that it fails to reduce economic inequality and provide social security for all citizens, thus labeling it a myth.

Chapter Concept :

A.R. Desai's Marxist Perspective on the State

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The experience of colonialism significantly influenced India's encounter with modernity, affecting the development of sociological thought in the country.

Chapter Concept :

Role of Colonialism in Indian Modernity

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The caste system is based on hierarchical division, meaning each caste is strictly unequal to every other caste.

Chapter Concept :

Caste System and Social Stratification

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

D.P. Mukerji's concept of 'living tradition' emphasizes that tradition maintains links with the past while adapting to the present, thus evolving over time.

Chapter Concept :

D.P. Mukerji's Concept of Living Tradition

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

M.N. Srinivas is known for his ethnographic studies of Indian villages, which contributed significantly to the understanding of social change in rural India.

Chapter Concept :

M.N. Srinivas and Village Studies

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