Learning Objectives
- Understand the Definition of Culture: Analyze culture as a complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by individuals as members of society, distinguishing between its material and non-material dimensions.
- Examine Socialisation: Explore the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and roles necessary to function as members of society, focusing on primary socialisation within the family and secondary socialisation in schools and other institutions.
- Analyze Cultural Change: Investigate how cultural change occurs over time due to internal factors like technological advancements or external influences such as colonization, and differentiate between evolutionary and revolutionary changes.
- Evaluate Ethnocentrism and Cosmopolitanism: Critically assess the impact of ethnocentrism, which evaluates other cultures by one's own standards, and cosmopolitanism, which values cultural diversity and promotes cultural exchange.
- Identify Subcultures: Recognize subcultures as groups within a larger culture with distinct values, norms, and practices, and analyze how they challenge or complement the dominant culture.
- Differentiate Material and Non-Material Culture: Distinguish between material culture, which includes physical objects and technologies, and non-material culture, which encompasses beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values.
- Explore Agencies of Socialisation: Identify the roles of family, peer groups, schools, and media as agencies of socialisation in shaping individuals' social identities and behaviors.
- Understand Cultural Identity and Social Roles: Analyze how cultural identity is shaped by social roles and the recognition of these roles by others, involving the interplay between individual agency and group membership.
- Examine Normative and Cognitive Dimensions of Culture: Investigate the normative dimension involving rules and norms guiding behavior, and the cognitive dimension pertaining to how individuals process and interpret information.
- Investigate Cultural Lag: Explore the concept of cultural lag, where non-material culture (values, norms) fails to keep pace with material culture (technological advancements), leading to social tension.