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Class 12 Science (PCM)

Chemistry Part 2

Aldehydes: Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes: Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Action PlanNotesQuestionsMock-Test
Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Cross Aldol Condensation
Accuracy: 0%
Total Attempted0
Total Correct0
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Difficulty Level:
High
Reactions Involving Whole –COOH Group
Accuracy: 0%
Total Attempted0
Total Correct0
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
High
Specific Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Accuracy: 0%
Total Attempted0
Total Correct0
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
High
Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Accuracy: 0%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct0
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
High
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Accuracy: 0%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct0
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
High
Reactions Involving O–H Bond Cleavage in Carboxylic Acids
Accuracy: 0%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct0
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
High
Cannizzaro Reaction
Accuracy: 25%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
High
Haloform Reaction
Accuracy: 25%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
High
Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Accuracy: 25%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
High
Reactions Involving C–OH Bond Cleavage in Carboxylic Acids
Accuracy: 33%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
High
Substitution Reactions in Carboxylic Acid Hydrocarbon Part
Accuracy: 33%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
High
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Accuracy: 50%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Reduction Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Accuracy: 50%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Nucleophilic Addition Mechanism
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted3
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids and Substituent Effects
Accuracy: 75%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Carbonyl Group Structure and Reactivity
Accuracy: 75%
Total Attempted4
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Aldehyde and Ketone Nomenclature
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted1
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Aldol Condensation
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted1
Total Correct1
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Carbonyl Derivative Tests and Characterisation
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature and Structure
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives for Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

  • Write the common and IUPAC names of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.
  • Write the structures of compounds containing functional groups namely carbonyl and carboxyl groups.
  • Describe the important methods of preparation and reactions of these classes of compounds.
  • Correlate physical properties and chemical reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids with their structures.
  • Explain the mechanism of a few selected reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
  • Understand various factors affecting the acidity of carboxylic acids and their reactions.
  • Describe the uses of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Objectives

  • Write the common and IUPAC names of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.
  • Write the structures of compounds containing functional groups namely carbonyl and carboxyl groups.
  • Describe the important methods of preparation and reactions of these classes of compounds.
  • Correlate physical properties and chemical reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids with their structures.
  • Explain the mechanism of a few selected reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
  • Understand various factors affecting the acidity of carboxylic acids and their reactions.
  • Describe the uses of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

Structure of Carbonyl Group

  • The carbonyl carbon atom is sp² hybridized and forms three sigma (σ) bonds.
  • The fourth valence electron of carbon remains in its p-orbital and forms a π-bond with oxygen.
  • The bond angles are approximately 120° as expected of a trigonal coplanar structure.

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

  1. By oxidation of alcohols: Primary alcohols yield aldehydes, and secondary alcohols yield ketones.
  2. By dehydrogenation of alcohols: Suitable for volatile alcohols using heavy metal catalysts (Ag or Cu).
  3. From hydrocarbons: Ozonolysis of alkenes followed by reaction with zinc dust and water gives aldehydes.

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

  1. From primary alcohols and aldehydes: Oxidation with potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) or potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇).

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Compounds

  • Aldehydes and ketones are named based on their common names derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids.
  • The location of substituents in the carbon chain is indicated by Greek letters α, β, etc.

Important Reactions

  • Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using mild oxidizing agents.
  • Aldehydes and ketones can undergo aldol condensation in the presence of a base to give α-hydroxyaldehydes and α-hydroxyketones.
  • Aldehydes having no α-hydrogen undergo Cannizzaro reaction in the presence of concentrated alkali.

Uses

  • Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are widely used in the manufacture of solvents, adhesives, paints, resins, and pharmaceuticals.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Sodium borohydride

B.

Stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid

C.

Lithium aluminium hydride

D.

Chromyl chloride
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In the Stephen reaction, nitriles are reduced to imines using stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which upon hydrolysis yield aldehydes.

Chapter Concept:

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

A.

Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -oic acid.

B.

The carboxyl carbon is numbered two in the IUPAC naming system.

C.

Carboxylic acids are named by adding the prefix 'hydroxy' to the alkane name.

D.

The suffix -ic acid is used for naming carboxylic acids in the IUPAC system.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

In the IUPAC system, carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -oic acid.

Chapter Concept:

Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature and Structure

A.

Nucleophilic substitution

B.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution

C.

Free radical substitution

D.

Nucleophilic addition
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The conversion of benzaldehyde to m-nitrobenzaldehyde involves electrophilic aromatic substitution, where the nitro group is introduced in the meta position relative to the aldehyde group.

Chapter Concept:

Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones

A.

The reaction of benzaldehyde with phenylhydrazine to form a phenylhydrazone.

B.

The reaction of acetone with sodium hydroxide to form a ketone enolate.

C.

The reaction of formaldehyde with Grignard reagent to form a primary alcohol.

D.

The reaction of acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide to form a cyanohydrin.
Correct Answer: D

Solution:

The reaction of acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide to form a cyanohydrin is an example of a nucleophilic addition reaction, where the cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile.

Chapter Concept:

Nucleophilic Addition Mechanism

A.

NaBH4NaBH_4

B.

LiAlH4LiAlH_4

C.

Catalytic hydrogenation

D.

All of the above
Correct Answer: D

Solution:

All the given reagents, NaBH4NaBH_4, LiAlH4LiAlH_4, and catalytic hydrogenation, are effective for reducing ketones to secondary alcohols.

Chapter Concept:

Reduction Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

A.

But-2-enal

B.

2-Methylbut-2-enal

C.

2-Methylpent-2-enal

D.

Pent-2-enal
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In cross aldol condensation, a mixture of products can form. 2-Methylbut-2-enal is formed from one molecule of ethanal and one molecule of propanal.

Chapter Concept:

Cross Aldol Condensation

A.

Addition of NaHSO3NaHSO_3

B.

Addition of HCNHCN

C.

Addition of Grignard reagent

D.

Addition of NH2OHNH_2OH
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Cyanohydrins are formed by the addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCNHCN) to aldehydes and ketones. The reaction is catalyzed by a base to generate the cyanide ion (CN−CN^-), which acts as a nucleophile.

Chapter Concept:

Specific Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

A.

Acetaldehyde (CH3CHOCH_3CHO)

B.

Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHOC_6H_5CHO)

C.

Formaldehyde (HCHOHCHO)

D.

Propanal (CH3CH2CHOCH_3CH_2CHO)
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHOC_6H_5CHO) undergoes the Cannizzaro reaction because it lacks an α\alpha-hydrogen. In this reaction, one molecule is oxidized to form a carboxylate salt, and another is reduced to alcohol.

Chapter Concept:

Cannizzaro Reaction

A.

4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one

B.

2-Methylpent-2-enal

C.

3-Hydroxybutanal

D.

Benzalacetophenone
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

In an aldol condensation reaction, acetone undergoes self-condensation to form 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one, which can further dehydrate to form 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one.

Chapter Concept:

Nucleophilic Addition Mechanism

A.

Rosenmund reduction

B.

Friedel-Crafts acylation

C.

Gattermann-Koch reaction

D.

Ozonolysis
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Rosenmund reduction involves the hydrogenation of acyl chlorides over palladium on barium sulfate to yield aldehydes.

Chapter Concept:

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Aldehydes: Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The IUPAC system uses the suffix '-al' for aldehydes and '-one' for ketones, reflecting their functional groups.

Chapter Concept :

Aldehyde and Ketone Nomenclature

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction is a well-known method for the α-halogenation of carboxylic acids, where the α-hydrogen is replaced by a halogen.

Chapter Concept :

Substitution Reactions in Carboxylic Acid Hydrocarbon Part

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In cross aldol condensation, when two different aldehydes or ketones, each containing α-hydrogen, are reacted, they can form four different products: two self-condensation products and two cross-condensation products.

Chapter Concept :

Cross Aldol Condensation

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Carboxylic acids can be converted to acyl chlorides using reagents like PCl5PCl_5, PCl3PCl_3, or SOCl2SOCl_2, which facilitate the cleavage of the C–OH bond.

Chapter Concept :

Reactions Involving C–OH Bond Cleavage in Carboxylic Acids

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The haloform reaction involves the oxidation of methyl ketones or aldehydes containing the CH3CO−CH_3CO- group by sodium hypohalite to produce carboxylate salts and haloforms. This reaction is used to detect the presence of the CH3CO−CH_3CO- group.

Chapter Concept :

Haloform Reaction

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Aldol condensation is a reaction where aldehydes and ketones with α\alpha-hydrogens react in the presence of a base to form β\beta-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones, which can further dehydrate to form α,β\alpha,\beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

Chapter Concept :

Aldol Condensation

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Carboxylic acids are indeed prepared by oxidation of primary alcohols, aldehydes, alkylbenzenes, and alkenes as stated in the provided excerpts.

Chapter Concept :

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons and ethers of similar molecular masses because of the presence of dipole-dipole interactions, which are absent in hydrocarbons and ethers.

Chapter Concept :

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Carboxylic acids are prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols with oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4KMnO_4) in neutral, acidic, or alkaline media.

Chapter Concept :

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The iodoform test is specifically used to detect compounds with the CH3COCH_3CO group, which includes methyl ketones. When a methyl ketone is treated with sodium hypoiodite, it is oxidized to form a carboxylate salt and iodoform (CHI3CHI_3), which is a yellow precipitate.

Chapter Concept :

Carbonyl Derivative Tests and Characterisation

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