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Class 12 Science (PCM)

Chemistry Part 1

Coordination Compounds

Coordination Compounds

Action PlanNotesQuestionsMock-Test
Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Structural Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 50%
Total Attempted18
Total Correct9
Total Incorrect9
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Color in Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 53%
Total Attempted17
Total Correct9
Total Incorrect8
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 57%
Total Attempted28
Total Correct16
Total Incorrect12
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
Accuracy: 59%
Total Attempted27
Total Correct16
Total Incorrect11
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Coordination Number, Oxidation Number and Geometry
Accuracy: 60%
Total Attempted5
Total Correct3
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Ligands, Denticity and Chelation
Accuracy: 60%
Total Attempted43
Total Correct26
Total Incorrect17
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Basic Terms in Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 63%
Total Attempted35
Total Correct22
Total Incorrect13
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
Accuracy: 63%
Total Attempted19
Total Correct12
Total Incorrect7
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Applications of Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 67%
Total Attempted12
Total Correct8
Total Incorrect4
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 69%
Total Attempted26
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect8
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 71%
Total Attempted17
Total Correct12
Total Incorrect5
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
Accuracy: 72%
Total Attempted25
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect7
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Spectrochemical Series and Ligand Field Strength
Accuracy: 78%
Total Attempted9
Total Correct7
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Low
Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
Accuracy: 79%
Total Attempted28
Total Correct22
Total Incorrect6
Difficulty Level:
Low
Double Salts and Coordination Complexes
Accuracy: 88%
Total Attempted8
Total Correct7
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted11
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Stability of Coordination Compounds and Chelate Effect
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted2
Total Correct2
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Appreciate the postulates of Werner's theory of coordination compounds.
  • Understand the meaning of the terms: coordination entity, central atom/ion, ligand, coordination number, coordination sphere, coordination polyhedron, oxidation number, homoleptic, and heteroleptic.
  • Learn the rules of nomenclature of coordination compounds.
  • Write the formulas and names of mononuclear coordination compounds.
  • Define different types of isomerism in coordination compounds.
  • Understand the nature of bonding in coordination compounds in terms of Valence Bond and Crystal Field theories.
  • Appreciate the importance and applications of coordination compounds in daily life.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Coordination Compounds Notes

1. Isomers of Coordination Compounds

  • Geometrical and Optical Isomers
    • (i) [CoClā‚‚(en)ā‚‚]āŗ
    • (ii) [Co(NHā‚ƒ)Cl(en)ā‚‚]āŗāŗ
    • (iii) [Co(NHā‚ƒ)ā‚‚Clā‚‚(en)]āŗ
  • Geometrical Isomers of [Pt(NHā‚ƒ)(Br)(Cl)(py)]
    • Number of optical isomers: Not specified.

2. Experimental Results with Copper Sulphate

  • Aqueous Copper Sulphate
    • (i) Green precipitate with potassium fluoride.
    • (ii) Bright green solution with potassium chloride.

3. Coordination Entities and Reactions

  • Formation with KCN
    • Coordination entity formed with excess KCN in copper sulphate solution: Not specified.
    • No precipitate of copper sulphide with Hā‚‚S(g): Not specified.

4. Bonding in Coordination Entities (Valence Bond Theory)

  • Examples
    • (i) [Fe(CN)ā‚†]ā“
    • (ii) [FeFā‚†]Ā³ā»
    • (iii) [Co(Cā‚‚Oā‚„)ā‚ƒ]Ā³ā»
    • (iv) [CoFā‚†]Ā³ā»

5. Crystal Field Theory

  • Splitting of d Orbitals
    • Diagram to show the splitting in an octahedral crystal field: Not specified.
  • Spectrochemical Series
    • Difference between weak field ligand and strong field ligand: Not specified.
  • Crystal Field Splitting Energy
    • Magnitude's effect on d orbital configuration: Not specified.

6. Magnetic Properties of Complexes

  • Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic
    • [Cr(NHā‚ƒ)ā‚†]Ā³ is paramagnetic; [Ni(CN)ā‚„]Ā² is diamagnetic: Explanation not specified.
  • Color Differences
    • [Ni(Hā‚‚O)ā‚†]Ā²āŗ is green; [Ni(CN)ā‚„]Ā² is colorless: Explanation not specified.

7. Color of Complexes

  • Violet Color of [Ti(Hā‚‚O)ā‚†]Ā³āŗ
    • Explanation based on crystal field theory: Not specified.

8. Chelate Effect

  • Definition and Example: Not specified.

9. Role of Coordination Compounds

  • Applications
    • (i) Biological systems: Chlorophyll, haemoglobin, vitamin Bā‚ā‚‚.
    • (ii) Medicinal chemistry: Chelate therapy for toxic metals.
    • (iii) Analytical chemistry: Use of coordination compounds in detection and estimation.
    • (iv) Extraction/metallurgy: Example of gold extraction with cyanide.

10. IUPAC Naming and Formulas

  • Oxidation State, d Orbital Occupation, Coordination Number
    • Examples:
      • (i) Kā‚ƒ[Co(Cā‚‚Oā‚„)ā‚ƒ]
      • (ii) cis-[CrClā‚‚(en)ā‚‚]Cl
      • (iii) (NHā‚„)ā‚‚[CoFā‚„]
      • (iv) [Mn(Hā‚‚O)ā‚†]SOā‚„
  • Nomenclature Rules
    • Cation named first, ligands in alphabetical order, oxidation state indicated in Roman numerals.

11. Types of Isomerism

  • Examples of Isomerism: Not specified.

12. Coordination Number and Polyhedron

  • Definition: Coordination number determined by the number of sigma bonds formed by ligands.
  • Coordination Polyhedron: Spatial arrangement of ligand atoms around the central atom. Common types include octahedral, square planar, and tetrahedral.

13. Importance of Coordination Compounds

  • Applications: Used in various fields including biological systems, analytical chemistry, and industrial processes.
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Practice Test ā€“ MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

It is a high spin complex with unpaired electrons.

B.

It is a low spin complex with no unpaired electrons.

C.

It is a high spin complex with paired electrons.

D.

It is a low spin complex with unpaired electrons.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

[Co(NH3)6]3+[Co(NH_3)_6]^{3+} is an inner orbital complex with d2sp3d^2sp^3 hybridization, resulting in a low spin configuration with no unpaired electrons, making it diamagnetic.

Chapter Concept:

Crystal Field Theory (CFT)

A.

The splitting energy is greater than in octahedral complexes.

B.

The splitting energy is denoted by Ī”0\Delta_0.

C.

The splitting energy is smaller and denoted by Ī”t\Delta_t.

D.

The splitting energy is the same as in octahedral complexes.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

In tetrahedral coordination entities, the d orbital splitting is smaller than in octahedral complexes and is denoted by Ī”t\Delta_t, where Ī”t=49Ī”0\Delta_t = \frac{4}{9} \Delta_0.

Chapter Concept:

Crystal Field Theory (CFT)

A.

Green

B.

Pale blue

C.

Violet

D.

Red
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The final complex [Ni(en)3]2+[Ni(en)_3]^{2+} is violet, indicating a change from the initial green color of [Ni(H2O)6]2+[Ni(H_2O)_6]^{2+}.

Chapter Concept:

Color in Coordination Compounds

A.

[Ni(CN)4]2āˆ’[Ni(CN)_4]^{2-}

B.

[NiCl4]2āˆ’[NiCl_4]^{2-}

C.

[CoF6]3āˆ’[CoF_6]^{3-}

D.

[Fe(CN)6]3āˆ’[Fe(CN)_6]^{3-}
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

[Ni(CN)4]2āˆ’[Ni(CN)_4]^{2-} is square planar and diamagnetic due to dspĀ² hybridization, resulting in no unpaired electrons.

Chapter Concept:

Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds

A.

Chelate complexes have more donor atoms that can bind to the metal ion, reducing the entropy of the system.

B.

Chelate complexes form stronger covalent bonds with the metal due to the presence of multiple donor atoms.

C.

Chelate complexes have a higher coordination number, which enhances their stability.

D.

Chelate complexes are more stable because they involve the formation of more ionic bonds.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Chelate complexes are more stable because they form stronger covalent bonds with the metal ion due to the presence of multiple donor atoms from di- or polydentate ligands. This is known as the chelate effect.

Chapter Concept:

Stability of Coordination Compounds and Chelate Effect

A.

3

B.

4

C.

6

D.

8
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The coordination number is 6 because there are six ammonia ligands directly bonded to the cobalt ion.

Chapter Concept:

Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds

A.

Water (H2OH_2O)

B.

Chloride (Clāˆ’Cl^-)

C.

Thiocyanate (SCNāˆ’SCN^-)

D.

Ammonia (NH3NH_3)
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Thiocyanate (SCNāˆ’SCN^-) is an ambidentate ligand because it can coordinate through either the sulfur or the nitrogen atom.

Chapter Concept:

Basic Terms in Coordination Compounds

A.

[Co(NH3)6]3+[Co(NH_3)_6]^{3+}

B.

[CoF6]3āˆ’[CoF_6]^{3-}

C.

[NiCl4]2āˆ’[NiCl_4]^{2-}

D.

[Ni(CN)4]2āˆ’[Ni(CN)_4]^{2-}
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

[Co(NH3)6]3+[Co(NH_3)_6]^{3+} is an inner orbital complex because it uses the 3d3d orbitals for hybridization, resulting in d2sp3d^2sp^3 hybridization.

Chapter Concept:

Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

A.

Linkage isomerism

B.

Coordination isomerism

C.

Ionisation isomerism

D.

Geometrical isomerism
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Coordination isomerism arises from the interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic entities of different metal ions present in a complex.

Chapter Concept:

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

A.

[Au(CN)4]āˆ’[Au(CN)_4]^-

B.

[Au(CN)2]āˆ’[Au(CN)_2]^-

C.

[Au(NH3)2]+[Au(NH_3)_2]^+

D.

[AuCl4]āˆ’[AuCl_4]^-
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In the extraction of gold, AuAu forms a stable coordination complex [Au(CN)2]āˆ’[Au(CN)_2]^- in the presence of cyanide ions, facilitating its separation.

Chapter Concept:

Applications of Coordination Compounds

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Coordination Compounds

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Linkage isomerism arises in coordination compounds containing ambidentate ligands, which can coordinate to the metal center through different atoms, such as NCSāˆ’NCS^- which can bind through nitrogen or sulfur.

Chapter Concept :

Structural Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The complex [Fe(CN)6]3āˆ’[Fe(CN)_6]^{3-} involves d2sp3d^2sp^3 hybridization, using inner d orbitals, and has a single unpaired electron, making it weakly paramagnetic.

Chapter Concept :

Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In coordination compounds, the absorption of visible light causes d-d transitions between split d orbitals. The observed color is complementary to the absorbed color. For example, [Ti(H2O)6]3+[Ti(H_2O)_6]^{3+} appears violet because it absorbs light in the blue-green region.

Chapter Concept :

Color in Coordination Compounds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Māˆ’CM-C Ļƒ\sigma bond forms by donation of a lone pair from the carbonyl carbon to a vacant metal orbital, while the Māˆ’CM-C Ļ€\pi bond forms by back donation from a filled metal dd orbital to a vacant antibonding Ļ€āˆ—\pi^* orbital of COCO.

Chapter Concept :

Bonding in Metal Carbonyls

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Linkage isomerism arises in coordination compounds containing ambidentate ligands, which can bind through different atoms, such as the thiocyanate ligand NCSāˆ’NCS^- binding through nitrogen or sulfur.

Chapter Concept :

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The [Ni(CN)4]2āˆ’[Ni(CN)_4]^{2-} complex is square planar and diamagnetic because the Ni2+Ni^{2+} ion undergoes dsp2dsp^2 hybridization, resulting in no unpaired electrons.

Chapter Concept :

Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Chelate ligands can form multiple bonds with a metal ion, creating a more stable ring structure compared to unidentate ligands, which form only one bond.

Chapter Concept :

Ligands, Denticity and Chelation

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

According to IUPAC rules for writing the formulas of mononuclear coordination entities, the central atom is listed first.

Chapter Concept :

Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Coordination compounds are indeed used in the purification of nickel. Impure nickel is converted to Ni(CO)4Ni(CO)_4, which is then decomposed to yield pure nickel.

Chapter Concept :

Applications of Coordination Compounds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

According to IUPAC rules, ligands are named in alphabetical order before the name of the central atom/ion.

Chapter Concept :

Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

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