Which city is known as the financial capital of India?

Correct Option: B. Solution: Mumbai is known as the financial capital of India.

Globalisation and Social Change

Objectives Notes Exam Tips Practice Qs Ask AI

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

Understand the concept of globalisation and its various dimensions.
Analyze the impact of globalisation on social change in India.
Discuss the role of transnational corporations in the global economy.
Evaluate the effects of the weightless economy and knowledge economy.
Examine the relationship between globalisation and employment trends.
Explore the implications of globalisation on cultural practices and consumer behavior.
Identify the political changes associated with globalisation and their significance.

Revision Notes & Summary

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Social Change and Development in India

Overview of Globalisation

Globalisation affects lives in diverse and complex ways.
It is essential to use sociological imagination to understand its impact on various sectors like cinema, work, and marriage.

Key Questions

Discuss how globalisation has affected a chosen topic (e.g., cinema, work, marriage).
Identify distinctive features of a globalised economy.
Discuss the impact of globalisation on culture.
Define glocalisation and its implications beyond market strategies.

Economic Dimensions of Globalisation

The Weightless Economy

Shift from agricultural/industrial economy to one based on information (e.g., software, media).
Knowledge economy involves design, development, marketing, and servicing rather than physical production.

Globalisation of Finance

Global financial markets conduct transactions worth billions in seconds.
Key financial centers include New York, Tokyo, and London; Mumbai is India's financial capital.

Liberalisation Policies in India

Liberalisation refers to policy changes since 1991 aimed at opening the Indian economy.
Involves removal of trade regulations and integration into the global market.
Economic reforms affect various sectors, including agriculture and industry.

Role of Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

TNCs operate in multiple countries, influencing global markets and profits.
Examples include Coca Cola, General Motors, and Colgate-Palmolive.

Social Implications of Globalisation

Employment Trends

Globalisation has created new job opportunities, especially in IT and service sectors.
However, job growth has not kept pace with economic growth, leading to an employment gap.

Political Changes

The collapse of the socialist world accelerated globalisation.
Neo-liberal economic measures promote free enterprise and market forces, impacting state regulation.
Rise of international and regional political collaborations (e.g., EU, ASEAN, SAARC).

Conclusion

Globalisation has significant social implications, affecting different sections of society variably.
It is crucial to understand both the opportunities and challenges presented by globalisation.

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

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Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Overgeneralization: Students often generalize the effects of globalization without considering the diverse impacts on different social groups. It's important to analyze how globalization affects various demographics differently.
Neglecting Historical Context: Failing to connect current globalization trends with historical precedents can lead to misunderstandings. Always consider how past global interactions shape present circumstances.
Ignoring Local Impacts: Focusing solely on global trends without discussing local implications can weaken arguments. Make sure to illustrate how global changes affect local communities and individual lives.
Misunderstanding Key Concepts: Terms like 'globalization', 'liberalization', and 'glocalization' are often confused. Ensure clarity in definitions and their implications in discussions.

Exam Tips

Use Sociological Imagination: When discussing globalization, apply sociological imagination to connect personal experiences with broader social changes. This approach can enhance your analysis and provide depth to your arguments.
Incorporate Examples: Use specific examples from the text, such as the impact of globalization on local markets or employment opportunities, to support your points.
Discuss Multiple Dimensions: Address the economic, political, and cultural dimensions of globalization in your answers. This comprehensive approach will demonstrate a thorough understanding of the topic.
Critically Evaluate Perspectives: Be prepared to discuss both the positive and negative impacts of globalization. A balanced view will show critical thinking and depth of understanding.

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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

Xuanzang

Yi Jing

Faxian

Bodhidharma

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Yi Jing was the scholar who learned Sanskrit in Java on his way from China to India.

Development of information and communication technologies

Economic forces alone

Political context

Cultural exchanges

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

While economic forces are integral, globalisation is driven by information and communication technologies, political context, and cultural exchanges, not by economic forces alone.

Decreased job opportunities in IT

Increased career opportunities in IT and service sectors

No impact on employment

Reduced employment in traditional sectors

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Globalisation and the IT revolution opened up new career opportunities for urban youth in sectors like IT and services.

To regulate international sports competitions.

To oversee and regulate transnational trade practices.

To manage global tourism.

To organize international cultural festivals.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

IGOs like the WTO are established by participating governments to regulate and oversee transnational trade practices, ensuring fair and standardized trade rules globally.

Increased agricultural jobs

Decreased IT jobs

New career opportunities in IT and BPO sectors

Stable employment rates

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Globalisation and the IT revolution have opened up new career opportunities in sectors like IT and BPO for middle-class urban youth.

The introduction of foreign television channels and media content.

The complete disappearance of traditional Indian art forms.

A decrease in the number of languages spoken in urban areas.

The replacement of traditional festivals with global holidays.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Globalisation has led to the introduction of foreign television channels and media content, significantly impacting cultural consumption in India.

The isolation of national economies.

The reduction of technological advancements.

The growing interdependence of global economies through information and communication technologies.

The focus on traditional agricultural practices.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

One of the distinctive features of globalisation is the growing interdependence of global economies facilitated by advancements in information and communication technologies, which intensify global interactions.

Silk Route

Spice Route

Amber Road

Tea Horse Road

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Silk Route was a famous trade route that connected India to various ancient civilizations, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.

Isolation of economies.

Reduction in international trade.

Growing interdependence between different people, regions, and countries.

Decrease in technological innovations.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Globalisation refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions, and countries as social and economic relationships stretch worldwide.

Dependence on agricultural exports.

Integration of global financial markets.

Isolationist trade policies.

Limited technological exchange.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

A globalised economy is characterized by the integration of financial markets across the world, enabling transactions and investments to occur seamlessly.

Kupamanduka

Manduka

Kupakumbha

Kumbhakarna

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The term 'kupamanduka' refers to a frog that lives its whole life within a well, knowing nothing else.

It is primarily based on agriculture.

It involves products with a base in information.

It includes internet-based services.

It involves the design and development of technology.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The weightless economy is not primarily based on agriculture; it is based on information, such as computer software and internet-based services.

Primarily agricultural

Based on information and technology

Centered around heavy industries

Focused on manual labor

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The weightless economy is characterized by its reliance on information, technology, and services rather than physical goods.

Globalisation is solely an economic phenomenon.

Globalisation involves only cultural exchanges.

Globalisation includes economic, political, and cultural dimensions.

Globalisation is a recent development unique to the 21st century.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Globalisation encompasses economic, political, and cultural dimensions, making it a complex and multifaceted process.

The rise of local artisanal markets.

The collapse of the socialist world, leading to neo-liberal economic measures.

The establishment of new national boundaries.

The decline of international trade agreements.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The collapse of the socialist world was a major political change that hastened globalisation, leading to the adoption of neo-liberal economic measures.

By increasing agricultural productivity.

By enabling 24-hour trading in global financial markets.

By reducing the need for physical transportation of goods.

By promoting local trade over international trade.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The communication revolution contributed to the globalisation of finance by enabling 24-hour trading in global financial markets, allowing for rapid transactions across the world.

An economy primarily based on agricultural products.

An economy where physical goods dominate the market.

An economy where products are based on information, like software and media.

An economy that relies on heavy industrial manufacturing.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The 'weightless economy' refers to an economy where intangible products such as information, software, and media are predominant.

The Silk Route connecting India to China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome.

The invention of the printing press in Europe.

The Industrial Revolution in Britain.

The American Civil War.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Silk Route is an example of early globalisation as it facilitated trade and cultural exchange between ancient civilizations.

The rise of regional political collaborations like the EU and ASEAN.

The decline of capitalism.

The isolation of countries from international trade.

The increase in state subsidies for local industries.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Globalisation has been accompanied by the growth of international and regional political collaborations such as the European Union (EU) and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).

To promote cultural exchange between countries.

To regulate transnational activities and oversee specific domains.

To provide military support to member countries.

To enforce international religious laws.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

IGOs, such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), are established by governments to regulate and oversee activities that are transnational in scope, particularly in trade and economic policies.

Traditional occupations have remained unaffected by globalisation.

Globalisation has led to the decline of some traditional occupations due to competition from imported goods.

Traditional occupations have flourished due to increased global demand.

Globalisation has exclusively benefited traditional occupations.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Globalisation has led to the decline of some traditional occupations due to competition from imported goods, as seen with silk spinners in Bihar and women gum collectors in Gujarat.

A country primarily exporting agricultural products.

A company focusing on software development and digital services.

A nation relying on heavy industries for economic growth.

A business specializing in manufacturing consumer electronics.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The 'weightless economy' refers to an economy where the primary products are based on information and services rather than physical goods, such as software development and digital services.

It increased employment opportunities for women gum collectors.

It had no impact on local employment.

It led to a loss of employment for women gum collectors.

It resulted in higher wages for local workers.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The import of cheaper gum from Sudan led to a loss of employment for women gum collectors in Gujarat.

Primarily agricultural

Primarily industrial

Weightless economy

Primarily manufacturing

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The global economy is described as a 'weightless economy' where products are based on information, such as computer software and internet-based services.

Silk Route

Spice Route

Amber Road

Incense Route

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Silk Route was a famous trade route that connected India to various ancient civilizations.

The rise of new global cities.

The collapse of the erstwhile socialist world.

The development of new agricultural techniques.

The invention of the printing press.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The collapse of the erstwhile socialist world hastened globalisation and gave a specific economic and political approach to the economic policies that underpin globalisation.

Increased opportunities in IT and BPO sectors for middle-class youth.

A decline in traditional manufacturing jobs.

A significant increase in agricultural employment.

A uniform increase in employment across all sectors.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Globalisation, along with the IT revolution, has opened up new career opportunities in IT and BPO sectors for urban middle-class youth in India.

Globalisation has led to uniform economic growth across all regions.

Globalisation has created disparities, benefiting some while disadvantaging others.

Globalisation has had no impact on traditional occupations.

Globalisation has only affected urban areas, leaving rural areas unchanged.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Globalisation has created socio-economic disparities, with certain sections benefiting while others, like traditional occupations, facing challenges.

A global trade agreement

A frog living in isolation

A type of economic policy

A historical trade route

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The 'kupamanduka' is a parable about a frog that lives its whole life within a well, symbolizing isolationism and suspicion of the outside world.

It led to a decrease in job opportunities.

It opened up new career opportunities in IT and service sectors.

It caused a decline in the number of call centers.

It resulted in the closure of many shopping malls.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Globalisation and the IT revolution opened up new career opportunities for middle-class youth in urban centers, such as jobs in call centers, BPO companies, and shopping malls.

The Silk Route connecting India with China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome.

The British colonisation of India in the 18th century.

The migration of indentured laborers from India in the 19th century.

The establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in the 20th century.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Silk Route is a historical example of early global interactions, connecting India with several ancient civilizations.

It slowed down global interactions

It had no significant impact

It intensified the speed and scope of global interactions

It only affected local communications

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The communication revolution intensified the speed and scope of interactions between people globally, driving globalisation forward.

The introduction of Chinese and Korean silk yarn affecting the livelihood of Bihar's silk spinners.

The opening of new IT companies in urban areas providing jobs to computer science graduates.

The increase in the number of shopping malls in urban India.

The rise of international tourism in India's coastal regions.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The introduction of cheaper and shinier silk yarn from China and Korea led to a decline in demand for locally produced silk, affecting traditional silk spinners' livelihoods in Bihar.

By enabling 24-hour trading in capital and security markets.

By reducing the need for physical currency in international trade.

By increasing the number of multinational corporations worldwide.

By facilitating the migration of labor across borders.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The information technology revolution allowed for electronic transactions and 24-hour trading, significantly contributing to the globalisation of finance.

The migration of Europeans to the Americas.

The Silk Route connecting India to China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome.

The Industrial Revolution in Europe.

The colonization of Africa by European powers.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Silk Route is a historical example that illustrates early global interactions of India, connecting it with major civilizations like China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome.

It has uniformly increased job opportunities across all sectors.

It has led to a decline in traditional jobs but created new opportunities in IT and service sectors.

It has only benefited the agricultural sector.

It has resulted in a decrease in overall employment rates.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Globalisation has led to a decline in traditional jobs but has opened up new opportunities, especially in IT and service sectors, benefiting urban middle-class youth.

Kalidasa

Panini

Chanakya

Valmiki

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Panini was the greatest grammarian in Sanskrit, known for systematizing and transforming Sanskrit grammar and phonetics.

Isolation from global trade

Integration into a global network for resources and markets

Exclusive trade with neighboring countries

Complete independence in economic policies

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During the colonial period, India was part of a global network that required new sources of capital, raw materials, and markets.

A market strategy adopted by multinational companies.

A process of cultural synthesis.

Both a market strategy and cultural synthesis.

A type of global isolationism.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Glocalisation refers to both a market strategy adopted by multinational companies and a process of genuine cultural synthesis.

It refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions, and countries in the world.

It is solely about the economic integration of countries.

It only involves cultural exchanges between countries.

It is a process that started in the 21st century.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Globalisation refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions, and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch world-wide.

Isolation of countries

Growing interdependence between people, regions, and countries

Decline of international trade

Reduction in communication technologies

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Globalisation refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions, and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch worldwide.

It increased the availability of fish for local markets.

It led to a decrease in fish prices, benefiting consumers.

It displaced local fishermen and affected the livelihoods of women fish sorters and vendors.

It improved the quality of fish available in local markets.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The entry of large fishing vessels into Indian waters took away the fish that local fishermen used to collect, thereby affecting the livelihoods of local fishing communities, including women fish sorters and vendors.

A market strategy adopted by multinational companies to cater to local tastes.

A cultural synthesis where global and local cultures merge.

The process of global companies only operating in local markets.

A political movement against globalisation.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Glocalisation refers to the adaptation of global products to fit local cultures and preferences, often used as a strategy by multinational companies.

The rise of regional associations like ASEAN and SAARC

The decline of international trade

The isolation of national economies

The reduction of communication technologies

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The rise of regional associations like ASEAN and SAARC is a significant political development accompanying globalisation.

A multinational corporation using local ingredients in its products to cater to regional tastes.

A local business expanding its operations to multiple countries without altering its products.

A government implementing strict trade barriers to protect local industries.

An international organization setting global standards for trade practices.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Glocalisation involves adapting global products to fit local cultures and preferences, as seen when a multinational corporation uses local ingredients.

It has only benefited the agricultural sector.

It has created new job opportunities in IT and BPO sectors.

It has led to a decrease in employment in all sectors.

It has had no impact on employment opportunities.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Globalisation, along with the IT revolution, has opened up new career opportunities in sectors like IT and BPO, especially for urban youth.

Delhi

Mumbai

Bangalore

Chennai

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Mumbai is known as the financial capital of India.

True or False

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. Historical records show that India had significant global interactions even two thousand years ago, such as through the Silk Route.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The migration of European people who settled down in the Americas and Australia is considered one of the greatest movements of people.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Global interconnections are not new. India had significant links with the global world from very early times, and western capitalism was built upon global control over resources, similar to colonialism.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Globalisation has led to the growth of international and regional mechanisms for political collaboration, such as the European Union and ASEAN.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation involves economic, political, and cultural dimensions, not just economic aspects.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation encompasses economic, cultural, and political dimensions, as it involves the growing interdependence between different people, regions, and countries.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Historical evidence shows that India was connected to other great civilizations through the Silk Route and other means, indicating that global interactions are not unique to the modern period.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Sociology uses the sociological imagination to connect the individual and society, the micro and the macro, and the local and the global, to understand the effects of globalisation.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The 'weightless economy' refers to an economy where products are based on information, such as computer software and internet-based services, rather than agricultural or industrial products.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

With the opening up of the market and removal of restrictions to the import of many products, more foreign products are available in local stores.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The IT revolution associated with globalisation has opened up new career opportunities for middle-class youth in urban areas, such as jobs in call centers and BPO companies.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Global interactions or even a global outlook are not novel developments unique to the modern period or unique to modern India.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The effect of globalisation is far-reaching and affects different sections of society differently.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation encompasses economic, political, and cultural dimensions. It involves the growing interdependence between people, regions, and countries worldwide.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Globalisation has resulted in the opening up of markets and the removal of quantitative restrictions on imports in India, allowing for a greater variety of products in local markets.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The impact of globalisation is uneven, affecting different sections of society in varied ways, often benefiting some while disadvantaging others.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The weightless economy is based on information, such as computer software, media, and internet-based services, not agricultural products.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation encompasses economic, political, and cultural dimensions, not just economic interconnections.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Inclusive globalisation aims to ensure that all sections of society benefit from globalisation, rather than just the privileged few.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Migration and the exchange of goods and technology have been ongoing processes in India since independence, with foreign firms operating in the country.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Silk Route is historically known for connecting India with major civilizations like China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome, facilitating trade and cultural exchanges.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Panini, the renowned Sanskrit grammarian, was of Afghan origin, not Chinese.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt mentions that the migration of European people who settled in the Americas and Australia is one of the greatest movements of people.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation is not a novel development unique to the modern period or modern India. Historical evidence shows India was connected to other great civilizations through trade routes like the Silk route.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The weightless economy is not based on agriculture. It is characterized by products that have their base in information, such as computer software and internet-based services.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The information technology revolution has enabled the globalisation of finance by allowing rapid and large-scale financial transactions.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation affects different sections of society in varied ways, benefiting some while disadvantaging others.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

India was not isolated from the world even two thousand years ago, as evidenced by the famous Silk route and various interactions with other civilizations.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation has resulted in uneven impacts on employment. While it has opened new opportunities for urban middle-class youth, broader employment trends remain disappointing.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The entry of large fishing vessels has affected the livelihood of traditional fish sorters, dryers, vendors, and net makers.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation affects economic, cultural, and political aspects. It has been driven by information and communication technologies and involves economic, political, and cultural interconnections.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The influence of globalisation is not uniform; it affects different sections of society in varied ways, benefiting some while disadvantaging others.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Globalisation is not unique to the modern period; historical evidence shows global interactions have existed for centuries.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Silk Route was a historical trade route that connected India with various ancient civilizations, facilitating trade and cultural exchange.

Globalisation and Social Change

Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives

Revision Notes & Summary

Social Change and Development in India

Overview of Globalisation

Key Questions

Economic Dimensions of Globalisation

The Weightless Economy

Globalisation of Finance

Liberalisation Policies in India

Role of Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

Social Implications of Globalisation

Employment Trends

Political Changes

Conclusion

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Exam Tips

AI Learning Assistant

Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1.Which scholar learned Sanskrit in Java on his way from China to India?

Correct Answer: B

Q2.Which of the following is NOT a factor that has driven globalisation, according to the excerpts?

Correct Answer: B

Q3.How did globalisation affect employment in urban India according to the excerpts?

Correct Answer: B

Q4.In the context of globalisation, what is the primary role of International Governmental Organisations (IGOs) like the World Trade Organisation (WTO)?

Correct Answer: B

Q5.According to the excerpts, what is one of the impacts of globalisation on employment in India?

Correct Answer: C

Q6.What is a significant cultural impact of globalisation as observed in India?

Correct Answer: A

Q7.What is one of the distinctive features of globalisation, particularly in the context of the economic dimension?

Correct Answer: C

Q8.Which of the following historical routes connected India to ancient civilizations such as China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome?

Correct Answer: A

Q9.What is a significant feature of globalisation as mentioned in the excerpts?

Correct Answer: C

Q10.Which of the following is a distinctive feature of a globalised economy?

Correct Answer: B

Q11.What is the term used to describe a frog that lives its whole life within a well, knowing nothing else?

Correct Answer: A

Q12.Which of the following is NOT a feature of the weightless economy?

Correct Answer: A

Q13.Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'weightless economy'?

Correct Answer: B

Q14.Which of the following statements about globalisation is true according to the excerpts?

Correct Answer: C

Q15.What was a significant political change that accompanied globalisation, as discussed in the excerpts?

Correct Answer: B

Q16.How did the communication revolution contribute to the globalisation of finance?

Correct Answer: B

Q17.In the context of globalisation, what is the 'weightless economy'?

Correct Answer: C

Q18.Which of the following historical examples illustrates early globalisation?

Correct Answer: A

Q19.What is a significant political change that accompanied globalisation?

Correct Answer: A

Q20.What is the primary role of International Governmental Organisations (IGOs) in the context of globalisation?

Correct Answer: B

Q21.Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of globalisation on traditional occupations in India?

Correct Answer: B

Q22.Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the 'weightless economy' as discussed in the context of globalisation?

Correct Answer: B

Q23.What impact did the import of cheaper gum from Sudan have on local employment in Gujarat?

Correct Answer: C

Q24.What was a significant feature of the global economy in contrast to previous eras, as mentioned in the excerpts?

Correct Answer: C

Q25.Which ancient trade route connected India to great civilizations like China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome?

Correct Answer: A

Q26.What was a significant political change that hastened globalisation?

Correct Answer: B

Q27.Which of the following best describes the impact of globalisation on employment in urban India?

Correct Answer: A

Q28.Which of the following statements reflects the socio-economic impact of globalisation in India?

Correct Answer: B

Q29.What does the term 'kupamanduka' refer to in the context of globalisation?