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Class 11 Science (PCB)

Biology – Foundation

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Action PlanNotesQuestionsMock-Test
Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Chromosome and DNA Content Through Cell Cycle
Accuracy: 71%
Total Attempted7
Total Correct5
Total Incorrect2
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Synapsis, Crossing Over and Recombination
Accuracy: 73%
Total Attempted15
Total Correct11
Total Incorrect4
Difficulty Level:
Medium
Significance of Mitosis
Accuracy: 74%
Total Attempted19
Total Correct14
Total Incorrect5
Difficulty Level:
Medium
M Phase, Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
Accuracy: 75%
Total Attempted12
Total Correct9
Total Incorrect3
Difficulty Level:
Low
Phases of Meiosis I
Accuracy: 77%
Total Attempted26
Total Correct20
Total Incorrect6
Difficulty Level:
Low
Cell Cycle
Accuracy: 84%
Total Attempted25
Total Correct21
Total Incorrect4
Difficulty Level:
Low
Phases of Meiosis II
Accuracy: 93%
Total Attempted14
Total Correct13
Total Incorrect1
Difficulty Level:
Low
Cytokinesis in Plant and Animal Cells
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted5
Total Correct5
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Interphase and G0 Phase
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted15
Total Correct15
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Meiosis
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted14
Total Correct14
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Mitosis
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted18
Total Correct18
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Mitosis vs Meiosis
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted15
Total Correct15
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Prophase I Sub-Stages
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted14
Total Correct14
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Significance of Meiosis
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted13
Total Correct13
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low
Stages of Mitosis
Accuracy: 100%
Total Attempted14
Total Correct14
Total Incorrect0
Difficulty Level:
Low

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Describe the stages of the cell cycle and their significance.
  • Explain the process and significance of mitosis.
  • Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.
  • Identify the stages of meiosis and their key events.
  • Discuss the significance of meiosis in genetic variability.
  • Analyze the differences in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells.
  • Illustrate the events occurring during each phase of the cell cycle.
  • Define key terms such as synapsis, bivalent, and chiasmata.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

10.1 Cell Cycle

  • Definition: Sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesizes other constituents, and divides into two daughter cells.
  • Phases:
    • Interphase: Preparation for cell division, further divided into:
      • G₁ Phase: Cell growth and normal metabolism.
      • S Phase: DNA replication and chromosome duplication.
      • G₂ Phase: Cytoplasmic growth.
    • M Phase (Mitosis): Actual cell division, divided into four stages:
      • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, centrioles move to poles.
      • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
      • Anaphase: Centromeres split, chromatids move to opposite poles.
      • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms.

10.2 M Phase

  • Karyokinesis: Nuclear division, includes four stages:
    • Prophase: Chromosomal material condenses.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
    • Anaphase: Chromatids separate and move to poles.
    • Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms around chromosome clusters.
  • Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm, differs in plant and animal cells.

10.3 Significance of Mitosis

  • Equational Division: Produces diploid daughter cells with identical genetic material.
  • Growth and Repair: Essential for growth of multicellular organisms and repair of tissues.

10.4 Meiosis

  • Definition: Specialized cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid cells.
  • Phases:
    • Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing over.
    • Meiosis II: Similar to mitosis, sister chromatids separate.
  • Significance: Ensures genetic diversity and conservation of chromosome number across generations.

10.5 Significance of Meiosis

  • Genetic Variability: Increases genetic diversity in populations, crucial for evolution.
  • Haploid Gametes: Formation of gametes for sexual reproduction.

Key Events in Meiosis I

  1. Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis).
  2. Metaphase I: Bivalents align at the equatorial plate.
  3. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles.
  4. Telophase I: Two new cells form, each with one set of chromosomes.

Diagram Descriptions

  • Stages of Meiosis I: Illustrates Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I with key events labeled.
  • Cell Cycle Phases: Circular chart showing G₀, Interphase (G₁, S, G₂), and M Phase with detailed stages of mitosis.
  • Mitosis Stages: Diagrams depicting Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase with labeled features.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Two diploid cells

B.

Four haploid cells

C.

Two haploid cells

D.

Four diploid cells
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Meiosis II results in the formation of four haploid cells, each with half the chromosome number of the original diploid cell.

Chapter Concept:

Meiosis

A.

It maintains the chromosome number across generations.

B.

It increases the chromosome number in gametes.

C.

It reduces genetic variability.

D.

It is responsible for asexual reproduction.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Meiosis is crucial for maintaining the chromosome number across generations in sexually reproducing organisms and increasing genetic variability, which is important for evolution.

Chapter Concept:

Significance of Meiosis

A.

Leptotene

B.

Zygotene

C.

Pachytene

D.

Diplotene
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During the zygotene stage of prophase I, homologous chromosomes start pairing together, forming the synaptonemal complex.

Chapter Concept:

Phases of Meiosis I

A.

Production of genetically identical haploid cells

B.

Restoration of the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio

C.

Increase in genetic variability

D.

Reduction of chromosome number by half
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Mitosis is significant for restoring the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, and is crucial for growth and repair.

Chapter Concept:

Significance of Mitosis

A.

Prophase

B.

Metaphase

C.

Anaphase

D.

Telophase
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During metaphase, chromosomes align at the equatorial plate, which is a key feature of this stage.

Chapter Concept:

Mitosis

A.

Prophase I

B.

Metaphase I

C.

Anaphase I

D.

Telophase I
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During Metaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate, preparing for separation.

Chapter Concept:

Meiosis

A.

Animal cells form a cell plate, while plant cells form a cleavage furrow.

B.

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate.

C.

Both animal and plant cells form a syncytium.

D.

Both animal and plant cells form spindle fibers.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In animal cells, cytokinesis is achieved through the formation of a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two. In contrast, plant cells form a cell plate that eventually develops into a separating wall.

Chapter Concept:

Cytokinesis in Plant and Animal Cells

A.

Leptotene

B.

Zygotene

C.

Pachytene

D.

Diakinesis
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During the zygotene stage of Prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up, and the synaptonemal complex forms.

Chapter Concept:

Prophase I Sub-Stages

A.

Synapsis of homologous chromosomes

B.

Alignment of bivalent chromosomes at the equatorial plate

C.

Separation of sister chromatids

D.

Reformation of the nuclear envelope
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During Metaphase I of Meiosis I, the bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate, which is a key event distinguishing this phase.

Chapter Concept:

Phases of Meiosis I

A.

Chromosomes condense and become visible.

B.

Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

C.

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

D.

Nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

During metaphase, chromosomes align at the equatorial plate, which is a key characteristic of this stage.

Chapter Concept:

Cell Cycle

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half in gametes, ensuring that upon fertilization, the diploid chromosome number is restored, thus maintaining the chromosome number across generations.

Chapter Concept :

Significance of Meiosis

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In the S phase, DNA synthesis occurs, leading to the doubling of DNA content from 2C to 4C, while the chromosome number remains the same at 2n.

Chapter Concept :

Cell Cycle

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In the S phase, DNA replication occurs, doubling the DNA content from 2C to 4C, but the chromosome number remains 2n.

Chapter Concept :

Cell Cycle

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Cells in the G0 phase remain metabolically active but do not proliferate unless required by the organism, indicating they can return to the cell cycle under certain conditions.

Chapter Concept :

Interphase and G0 Phase

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, which is crucial for maintaining the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio.

Chapter Concept :

Significance of Mitosis

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid cells. It involves two sequential divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II.

Chapter Concept :

Meiosis

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, thus ensuring genetic consistency.

Chapter Concept :

Significance of Mitosis

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two daughter cells, each genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring the same number of chromosomes.

Chapter Concept :

Mitosis

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Mitosis results in the production of diploid daughter cells with identical genetic complement, not haploid cells.

Chapter Concept :

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

In meiosis I, specifically during prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over, leading to genetic variation.

Chapter Concept :

Phases of Meiosis I

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