- Identify principles of justice from various societies and historical contexts.
- Explain the concept of distributive justice.
- Discuss John Rawls' argument for a fair and just society based on rational grounds.
- Analyze the relationship between special needs and equal treatment in justice.
- Evaluate the government's responsibility in ensuring basic minimum conditions for a healthy life.
Social Justice
CBSE Learning Objectives – Key Concepts & Skills You Must Know
CBSE Revision Notes & Quick Summary for Last-Minute Study
Chapter 4: Social Justice
Overview
- Justice is intuitively understood, similar to love.
- Justice concerns societal order and distribution of social goods and duties.
- Central importance of justice in politics.
Principles of Justice
-
Equal Treatment for Equals
- All individuals deserve equal rights and treatment.
- Example: Two individuals performing the same work should receive the same reward regardless of caste or gender.
-
Proportionate Justice
- Justice may require rewarding individuals based on effort and skill.
- Example: Students should be graded based on the quality of their work, not equally.
-
Recognition of Special Needs
- Society must consider the special needs of individuals when distributing rewards and duties.
- Example: Providing extra time for visually impaired students during exams.
John Rawls' Theory of Justice
- Veil of Ignorance: A thought experiment where individuals design a society without knowing their own status.
- Rational decisions would favor rules that ensure fairness for all, especially the least privileged.
Pursuing Social Justice
- A just society provides basic minimum conditions for all, including nourishment, housing, and education.
- Governments have a responsibility to ensure these conditions, despite challenges.
Conclusion
- Justice involves balancing different principles to promote a fair society.
- Disagreements about justice are natural and necessary for political discourse.
CBSE Exam Tips, Important Questions & Common Mistakes to Avoid
Common Mistakes and Exam Tips
Common Pitfalls
- Misunderstanding Principles of Justice: Students often confuse the principles of equal treatment, proportionality, and recognition of special needs. It's crucial to understand how these principles interact and when each should be applied.
- Ignoring the Veil of Ignorance: Failing to apply Rawls' concept of the veil of ignorance can lead to biased arguments about justice. Remember, this concept emphasizes making decisions without knowing one's own social position.
- Overlooking Basic Minimum Requirements: Many students neglect to discuss the basic minimum conditions required for a healthy life, which is essential in arguments about social justice.
- Assuming Equality Means Identical Treatment: Students may mistakenly believe that treating everyone the same is always just. It's important to recognize that different circumstances may require different treatments to achieve true equality.
Exam Tips
- Clarify Definitions: Be clear on definitions of key terms such as distributive justice, equal treatment, and special needs. Use examples from the text to illustrate your points.
- Use Examples: When discussing principles of justice, refer to examples provided in the text, such as the treatment of students with disabilities or the proposal for women's reservation in Parliament.
- Discuss Government Responsibilities: Be prepared to explain the role of government in ensuring social justice, particularly in providing basic needs and addressing inequalities.
- Engage with Theories: Familiarize yourself with John Rawls' theory and be ready to discuss its implications for justice and fairness in society.
CBSE Quiz & Practice Test – MCQs, True/False Questions with Solutions
Multiple Choice Questions
A.
Because justice is subjective and varies by culture.
B.
Because different principles can conflict, such as equal treatment and rewarding merit.
C.
Because justice requires absolute equality.
D.
Because justice is only about legal fairness.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Governments might find it challenging to harmonize different principles of justice because principles like equal treatment and rewarding merit can sometimes conflict.
A.
Providing equal wealth distribution among all citizens
B.
Ensuring laws and policies treat individuals fairly and providing basic minimum conditions for all
C.
Prioritizing the needs of the majority over minorities
D.
Maintaining a laissez-faire economic policy
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Governments are responsible for ensuring that laws and policies treat individuals fairly and for providing basic minimum conditions such as health, education, and equal opportunities to all citizens.
A.
To ensure absolute equality among all citizens.
B.
To provide a basic minimum standard of living for all citizens.
C.
To reward individuals based on their social status.
D.
To maintain strict law and order without exceptions.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
A key responsibility of a just government is to provide a basic minimum standard of living for all citizens to ensure equality of opportunity.
A.
Veil of Ignorance
B.
Social Contract
C.
Moral Relativism
D.
Utilitarianism
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
The 'Veil of Ignorance' is a concept used by John Rawls to ensure fair decision-making by imagining oneself without knowledge of their social status, encouraging impartiality.
A.
By ensuring everyone gets the same rewards regardless of effort
B.
By guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities regardless of class, caste, race, or gender
C.
By providing additional resources to disadvantaged groups
D.
By allowing free market dynamics to determine outcomes
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of 'equal treatment for equals' ensures that individuals are not discriminated against based on class, caste, race, or gender, and are judged based on their work and actions, thus promoting equality in rights and opportunities.
A.
Equal treatment for all
B.
Recognition of special needs
C.
Proportional justice
D.
Merit-based rewards
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of recognizing special needs justifies providing additional exam time to students with disabilities, as it acknowledges their unique challenges and aims to ensure they have equal opportunities to succeed.
A.
Providing free services as an act of charity
B.
Ensuring equality of opportunity
C.
Being kind to naturally lazy people
D.
Recognizing shared humanity and human rights
Correct Answer: D
Solution:
Ensuring basic facilities and a minimum standard of living to all is a recognition of our shared humanity and a human right.
A.
It is an act of charity
B.
It ensures equality of opportunity
C.
Some people are naturally lazy
D.
It is a recognition of shared humanity and a human right
Correct Answer: D
Solution:
Ensuring a basic minimum standard of living for all citizens is seen as a recognition of our shared humanity and a fundamental human right, rather than merely an act of charity.
A.
To ensure absolute equality in wealth distribution.
B.
To provide basic minimum conditions for a healthy and secure life.
C.
To maintain a free market economy.
D.
To prioritize the interests of the majority over minorities.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
A democratic government is responsible for providing basic minimum conditions such as health, education, and shelter to ensure a just society.
A.
It is an act of charity.
B.
It ensures equality of opportunity.
C.
It recognizes our shared humanity and is a human right.
D.
Some people are naturally lazy and need kindness.
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
Ensuring a basic minimum standard of living is a recognition of our shared humanity and is considered a human right.
A.
Ensuring equal treatment for all individuals
B.
Rewarding individuals based on their contributions
C.
Fair distribution of goods and services in society
D.
Providing special assistance to those in need
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
Distributive justice concerns the fair distribution of goods and services within a society, ensuring that all individuals have access to necessary resources.
A.
All employees should receive the same salary, regardless of their performance.
B.
Employees should be promoted based on their years of service rather than their skill level.
C.
Individuals performing the same job should receive the same pay, regardless of their gender or background.
D.
Special allowances should be given to employees with disabilities.
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
The principle of treating equals equally states that individuals with the same qualifications and performing the same job should receive the same pay, irrespective of personal characteristics such as gender or background.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Recognition of special needs
C.
Proportional justice
D.
Distributive justice
Correct Answer: D
Solution:
Distributive justice involves the fair distribution of goods and services in society. Ensuring access to basic healthcare and education for all citizens is an example of distributive justice.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Proportionate justice
C.
Recognition of special needs
D.
Distributive justice
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
The principle of recognition of special needs involves considering the unique circumstances of individuals to promote social justice.
A.
By ensuring that all individuals receive the same resources regardless of their circumstances.
B.
By providing additional support to individuals with unique challenges to ensure equal opportunities.
C.
By rewarding individuals solely based on their performance and contributions.
D.
By eliminating all forms of discrimination in society.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of recognition of special needs contributes to social justice by acknowledging the unique challenges faced by certain individuals and providing them with additional support to ensure they have equal opportunities.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Proportionate justice
C.
Recognition of special needs
D.
Distributive justice
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Proportionate justice involves rewarding individuals in proportion to the quality and effort of their work.
A.
It ensures equal distribution of resources
B.
It might not address the needs of the disadvantaged
C.
It relies too heavily on government intervention
D.
It provides excessive support to marginalized communities
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
A potential criticism of the free market approach is that it might not adequately address the needs of the disadvantaged, as it assumes that market transactions will naturally lead to a just distribution of resources without considering existing inequalities.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Recognition of special needs
C.
Proportionate justice
D.
Retributive justice
Correct Answer: D
Solution:
Retributive justice is not discussed as a principle in the provided excerpts.
A.
Providing equal income to all citizens
B.
Ensuring laws treat individuals fairly
C.
Eliminating all forms of taxation
D.
Promoting free market competition
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Achieving social justice involves ensuring that laws and policies treat individuals in a fair manner.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Proportionate justice
C.
Recognition of special needs
D.
Punitive justice
Correct Answer: D
Solution:
Punitive justice is not discussed in the excerpts as a principle of justice.
A.
Justice is about rewarding merit and effort.
B.
Justice requires equal treatment for all.
C.
Justice can be achieved by thinking under a 'veil of ignorance'.
D.
Justice is about maintaining social order.
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
John Rawls argues that justice can be achieved by making decisions under a 'veil of ignorance', where individuals do not know their future position in society.
A.
Ensuring equal distribution of wealth
B.
Balancing equal treatment with rewarding merit
C.
Providing free services to all citizens
D.
Punishing all wrongdoers equally
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Governments face the challenge of balancing the principle of equal treatment with the need to reward merit, which can sometimes be at odds.
A.
All employees receive the same salary regardless of their role.
B.
Employees are paid based on the quality and effort of their work.
C.
Employees with disabilities receive additional support to perform their duties.
D.
All employees receive equal bonuses during the holiday season.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Proportional justice involves rewarding individuals based on the quality and effort of their work, ensuring that different kinds of work are compensated appropriately according to skill and effort required.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Proportionate justice
C.
Recognition of special needs
D.
Merit-based justice
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
Recognition of special needs is a principle of justice that accounts for the unique requirements of individuals, such as providing additional exam time to a visually impaired student to level the playing field.
A.
Distributive justice ensures that social goods are allocated based on individual wealth
B.
It involves the fair distribution of social goods and duties among society's members
C.
It mandates that social goods are distributed equally regardless of need
D.
Distributive justice focuses solely on economic redistribution
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Distributive justice concerns the fair allocation of social goods and duties, ensuring that all members of society receive what they are due based on principles of fairness and equality.
A.
The equal distribution of wealth among all citizens
B.
The fair allocation of resources and responsibilities among members of society
C.
The distribution of power among government officials
D.
The distribution of educational opportunities based solely on merit
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Distributive justice is concerned with the fair allocation of resources and responsibilities among members of society, ensuring that social goods and duties are distributed equitably.
A.
A method to ensure impartiality by making decisions without knowing one's social position.
B.
A concept that promotes equal treatment for all individuals.
C.
A philosophical idea that justice is only about punishing wrongdoers.
D.
A strategy to reward people based on their efforts and skills.
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
John Rawls' 'veil of ignorance' is a thought experiment where decision-makers do not know their future social status, ensuring fair and impartial rules for society.
A.
To ensure laws and policies treat individuals fairly
B.
To provide free services to all citizens
C.
To eliminate all forms of inequality
D.
To maintain the status quo
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
To achieve social justice, governments must ensure that laws and policies treat individuals fairly.
A.
By treating everyone exactly the same
B.
By acknowledging and accommodating differences among individuals
C.
By ignoring individual differences
D.
By ensuring equal financial rewards for all
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of 'Recognition of Special Needs' extends 'Equal Treatment for Equals' by acknowledging that some individuals have different needs and may require special accommodations to achieve true equality.
A.
Because it promotes competition and innovation.
B.
Because it lacks absolute equality in living standards.
C.
Because the poor have no chance to improve their condition despite hard work.
D.
Because it ensures that only the talented are rewarded.
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
A society is considered unjust if the differences between rich and poor are so significant that the poor have no opportunity to improve their condition, regardless of their efforts.
A.
Equal Treatment for Equals
B.
Proportionate Justice
C.
Recognition of Special Needs
D.
Distributive Justice
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
The principle of 'Equal Treatment for Equals' is violated when individuals performing the same work receive different rewards based on gender, as justice requires equal treatment without discrimination.
A.
To ensure people act in their own interests
B.
To make decisions without knowing one's own social position
C.
To prioritize the needs of the privileged
D.
To eliminate all forms of inequality
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The 'veil of ignorance' is a thought experiment where decisions about society are made without knowing one's own social position, ensuring fairness.
A.
Equal rewards for all efforts
B.
Rewards based on the quality and effort of work
C.
Punishment for all wrongdoers
D.
Providing basic needs to all citizens
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Proportionate justice advocates that rewards should be based on the quality and effort of work, taking into account factors such as skill and danger involved.
A.
Equal Treatment for Equals
B.
Proportional Justice
C.
Recognition of Special Needs
D.
Distributive Justice
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Proportional Justice is the principle that suggests individuals should be rewarded in proportion to their efforts and skills, taking into account factors such as effort required, skills required, and possible dangers involved.
A.
Ensuring equal treatment for all while ignoring merit.
B.
Balancing equal treatment with rewarding merit and recognizing special needs.
C.
Providing absolute equality in living standards.
D.
Focusing solely on economic growth.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Governments face the challenge of balancing equal treatment with the need to reward merit and recognize special needs to promote a just society.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Proportionate justice
C.
Recognition of special needs
D.
Distributive justice
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Proportionate justice suggests that people should be rewarded based on the scale and quality of their effort.
A.
It may ignore the special needs of individuals
B.
It always leads to unequal outcomes
C.
It prioritizes the wealthy over the poor
D.
It focuses solely on economic justice
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
The principle of equal treatment for all can conflict with recognizing individual differences and special needs, which may require different treatment to achieve genuine equality.
A.
It is an act of charity
B.
It ensures equality of opportunity
C.
Some people are naturally lazy
D.
It is a recognition of shared humanity
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Providing a basic minimum standard of living to all citizens is one way of ensuring equality of opportunity, as it allows everyone to start from a similar baseline.
A.
All individuals should receive the same rewards regardless of their work
B.
Individuals should be judged based on their work and actions, not on their social group
C.
Special needs should always be prioritized over equal treatment
D.
Justice requires absolute equality in all aspects of life
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of 'Equal Treatment for Equals' implies that individuals should be judged based on their work and actions, rather than their social group, ensuring non-discrimination on grounds of class, caste, race, or gender.
A.
Equal Treatment for Equals
B.
Proportional Justice
C.
Recognition of Special Needs
D.
Distributive Justice
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Proportional Justice suggests that individuals should be rewarded based on the quality and effort of their work. This principle balances equal treatment by considering different efforts and skills.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Recognition of special needs
C.
Proportionate justice
D.
Distributive justice
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of recognition of special needs involves providing additional support to individuals with special needs to promote social justice.
A.
To ensure decisions are made without bias towards one's own position in society
B.
To hide the identities of decision-makers
C.
To promote ignorance of social issues
D.
To encourage people to ignore their personal interests
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
The 'veil of ignorance' is a concept introduced by John Rawls to ensure that decisions about the rules of society are made impartially, without knowing one's own social position, thus ensuring fairness.
A.
To ensure decisions are made without bias towards one's own position
B.
To promote transparency in decision-making
C.
To prioritize the needs of the majority
D.
To encourage competition among individuals
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
The 'veil of ignorance' is a thought experiment by John Rawls where individuals make decisions about society's rules without knowing their own social position, ensuring fairness and impartiality.
A.
Ensuring everyone receives the same income
B.
The just distribution of social goods and duties
C.
Eliminating all forms of government
D.
Providing charity to the needy
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Social justice concerns the just distribution of goods and services and the principles according to which social goods and duties are distributed among members of society.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Proportionate justice
C.
Recognition of special needs
D.
Justice based on historical precedence
Correct Answer: D
Solution:
The excerpts discuss principles such as equal treatment, proportionate justice, and recognition of special needs, but do not mention justice based on historical precedence.
A.
To ensure equal distribution of wealth
B.
To provide each person with their due
C.
To maintain strict social hierarchies
D.
To prioritize economic growth over social welfare
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
A just government must be concerned with the well-being of the people, which includes giving each person their due.
A.
Providing free services as an act of charity.
B.
Ensuring equality of opportunity.
C.
Recognizing laziness as a natural trait.
D.
Acknowledging shared humanity and human rights.
Correct Answer: D
Solution:
Ensuring basic facilities and a minimum standard of living to all is a recognition of our shared humanity and a human right.
A.
Equal treatment for equals
B.
Proportional justice
C.
Recognition of special needs
D.
Free market competition
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
Recognition of special needs is a principle of justice that justifies providing additional resources to marginalized communities to ensure they have equal opportunities, acknowledging that treating everyone equally might not result in fairness due to existing disparities.
A.
To symbolize fairness and impartiality
B.
To represent the complexity of justice
C.
To show the difficulty of achieving justice
D.
To emphasize the importance of equality
Correct Answer: A
Solution:
The statue of justice is blindfolded to symbolize fairness and impartiality, indicating that justice should be applied without bias.
A.
It is an act of charity
B.
It ensures equality of opportunity
C.
It rewards those who are naturally lazy
D.
It promotes free market competition
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Providing all citizens with a basic minimum standard of living is one way of ensuring equality of opportunity, as it allows everyone to have a fair chance to pursue their goals.
A.
Providing equal resources to everyone
B.
Punishing wrongdoers and rewarding the virtuous
C.
Ensuring individuals have the opportunity to develop their talents
D.
Maintaining a just social order
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
Giving each person his/her due means ensuring individuals have the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their goals.
A.
Ensuring equal rewards for all work
B.
Harmonizing different principles of justice
C.
Providing free services to all citizens
D.
Eliminating all forms of inequality
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Governments have the function of harmonizing different principles of justice to promote a just society, balancing equal treatment, merit-based rewards, and addressing special needs.
A.
Proportionate justice
B.
Distributive justice
C.
Equal treatment for equals
D.
Recognition of special needs
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
The principle of 'equal treatment for equals' requires that individuals who share certain characteristics as human beings deserve equal rights and treatment.
A.
All individuals should receive the same rewards regardless of their work.
B.
People should be judged based on their work and actions, not their group identity.
C.
Special needs should always be prioritized over equal treatment.
D.
Justice is about maintaining social order through punishment.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of 'equal treatment for equals' implies that people should be judged based on their work and actions, not their group identity.
A.
All individuals should receive the same rewards regardless of their efforts.
B.
Individuals should be treated equally if they share certain characteristics as human beings.
C.
Individuals with special needs should receive additional support.
D.
Rewards should be distributed based on the quality of work.
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
The principle of equal treatment for equals implies that all individuals deserve equal rights and treatment if they share certain characteristics as human beings.
A.
To accumulate wealth
B.
To maintain dharma
C.
To expand territory
D.
To promote trade
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
In ancient Indian society, the primary duty of kings concerning justice was to maintain dharma, which is associated with a just social order.
A.
Everyone receives the same rewards for the same work
B.
Rewards are distributed based on effort and skill
C.
All individuals are treated equally regardless of circumstances
D.
Resources are allocated based on historical precedence
Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Proportional justice involves distributing rewards based on the effort, skill, and circumstances involved in the work, ensuring fairness by acknowledging different contributions.
A.
It leads to a lack of motivation among individuals.
B.
It ignores the need for a basic minimum standard of living.
C.
It fails to recognize the importance of individual merit and effort.
D.
It results in excessive government intervention.
Correct Answer: C
Solution:
The text argues that absolute equality ignores individual merit and effort, which are important for a just society. Justice requires balancing equal treatment with rewarding effort and skill.
True or False
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Justice is concerned with the well-being of all people, as explained by Socrates in Plato's 'The Republic'.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The text explains that the principle of treating equals equally requires non-discrimination based on caste, class, race, or gender.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Justice primarily concerns public life and the distribution of social goods and duties, unlike love, which is more about personal relationships.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Justice concerns public life and the way social goods and duties are distributed among society members, unlike love, which is more about personal relationships.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The blindfold on the statue of justice represents the need for impartiality in justice.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The principle of treating equals equally requires that people should not be discriminated against on grounds such as class, caste, race, or gender.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Rawls' theory involves making decisions without knowing one's position in society, promoting fairness.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
The text suggests that equal treatment alone might not ensure justice, as it may not account for merit or special needs.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The principle of equal treatment for equals requires that individuals should be judged based on their work and actions, not the group they belong to.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Justice does not require absolute equality and sameness in living conditions, but rather a fair distribution of opportunities and resources.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Justice is concerned with the way public life is ordered and the principles according to which social goods and social duties are distributed among different members of society.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
The excerpt explains that the principle of equal treatment can be extended to recognize the special needs of people, implying that those who are not equal in certain respects could be treated differently.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Rawls' theory of justice, through the 'veil of ignorance', suggests that people would choose rules that ensure reasonable opportunities for the weaker sections, as they do not know their future position in society.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Rawls argues that rational thinking, not morality, could lead us to be fair and judge impartially regarding how to distribute the benefits and burdens of a society.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The excerpt states that justice, like love, evokes passionate responses and is understood intuitively, even if not precisely defined.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
John Rawls' concept of the 'veil of ignorance' involves making decisions about society without knowledge of one's own social position, to ensure fairness.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Social justice concerns the just distribution of goods and services within a society.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The principle of treating equals equally requires that people should not be discriminated against based on class, caste, race, or gender.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
The principle of proportionality suggests that rewards should be distributed based on the scale and quality of effort, skills required, and other factors, rather than equally.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Rawls argues that we should make decisions under a 'veil of ignorance', where we do not know our own social positions.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
The excerpt indicates that our understanding of what is due to a person has changed since the time of Plato, evolving to include the opportunity to develop talents and pursue chosen goals.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The principle of equal treatment requires that people should not be discriminated against on grounds of class, caste, race, or gender, and should be judged based on their work and actions.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
The principle of equal treatment requires that people should not be discriminated against based on class, caste, race, or gender, and should be judged on their work and actions.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
The excerpt suggests that a society would be considered unjust if the differences between rich and poor are so great that they seem to be living in different worlds, and if the relatively deprived have no chance at all to improve their condition.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Justice may require treating people differently based on their special needs or circumstances to promote social justice.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Justice concerns our life in society, the way in which public life is ordered and the principles according to which social goods and social duties are distributed among different members of society.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
A just society should provide people with the basic minimum conditions to enable them to live healthy and secure lives and develop their talents, as well as equal opportunities to pursue their chosen goals.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Rawls' 'veil of ignorance' suggests that people, not knowing their own position in society, would choose rules that are fair for all, including the least privileged.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
John Rawls argues that a fair and just society can be defended on rational grounds, not solely on moral grounds.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The text states that both love and justice evoke passionate responses from their advocates.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Rawls' theory uses the concept of a 'veil of ignorance' where decisions about society are made without knowing one's own social position to ensure fairness.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
The text states that justice does not require absolute equality and sameness in living standards, but rather a basic minimum standard to ensure equal opportunities.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
A just society should provide people with basic minimum conditions to enable them to live healthy and secure lives and develop their talents, ensuring that the differences between rich and poor are not excessively large.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The excerpt explains that justice concerns our life in society and the principles according to which social goods and duties are distributed among different members of society, making it a central concern for politics.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Rawls argues that a fair and just rule can be determined by imagining ourselves in a situation where we do not know our own social position, described as a 'veil of ignorance'.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Proportionate justice considers factors like effort, skill, and danger involved in work, suggesting that different kinds of work may be rewarded differently.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
John Rawls argues that a fair and just society can be defended on rational grounds, not just moral grounds.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
The excerpt mentions that justice in ancient Indian society was linked to dharma and maintaining a just social order.
Correct Answer: True
Solution:
Ensuring basic facilities and a minimum standard of living to all is a recognition of our shared humanity and a human right.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Proportionate justice involves rewarding people in proportion to the scale and quality of their effort, taking into account factors such as effort required, skills required, and possible dangers involved.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Justice does not require absolute equality and sameness in the way people live, but it does require that the differences are not so great that they create different worlds for the rich and poor.
Correct Answer: False
Solution:
Justice concerns our life in society, the way in which public life is ordered, and the principles according to which social goods and duties are distributed.