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Water Resources

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Study Action Plan (Sorted by Difficulty)
Demographic Transition and Water Scarcity
Accuracy: 0%
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Difficulty Level:
High
Irrigation and Agricultural Water Demand
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Difficulty Level:
High
National Water Policy and Jal Kranti Abhiyan
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Difficulty Level:
High
Surface and Groundwater Utilization
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Difficulty Level:
High
Water Conservation and Management Strategies
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Water Quality and Pollution
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Water Resources Distribution in India
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Difficulty Level:
High

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Analyze the factors contributing to water scarcity in India.
  • Evaluate the geographical distribution of water resources in India.
  • Assess the sectoral utilization of water resources in India.
  • Discuss methods for the conservation and management of water resources.
  • Examine the impacts of contaminated water on public health.
  • Explore the role of watershed management in sustainable development.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Water Resources in India

Overview

  • India accounts for about 2.45% of the world's surface area.
  • It has 4% of the world's water resources and over 17% of the world's population.
  • Total water available from precipitation: approximately 4,000 cubic km.
  • Usable surface water and replenishable groundwater: 1,869 cubic km.
  • Only 60% of this can be beneficially used, leading to a total utilizable water resource of 1,122 cubic km.

Surface Water Resources

  • Major sources of surface water include:
    • Rivers: About 10,360 rivers and tributaries longer than 1.6 km.
    • Lakes
    • Ponds
    • Tanks

Challenges

  • Water scarcity is a significant challenge due to:
    • Increased demand
    • Shrinking supplies from overutilization and pollution
  • The availability of freshwater varies over space and time, leading to tensions and disputes among communities, regions, and states.

Conservation and Management

  • Efficient use and conservation of water are necessary for development.
  • Discussion on methods of conservation and management is essential for sustainable development.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

Exclusive reliance on groundwater

B.

Promotion of water as a non-economic good

C.

Adaptation strategies for climate change

D.

Complete privatization of water resources
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The National Water Policy 2012 emphasizes adaptation strategies in view of climate change for designing and managing water resources.

Chapter Concept:

Demographic Transition and Water Scarcity

A.

60%

B.

89%

C.

32%

D.

92%
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

89% of India's surface water is utilized for agriculture.

Chapter Concept:

Irrigation and Agricultural Water Demand

A.

Increased water conservation

B.

Enhanced water quality

C.

Dwindling per capita water availability

D.

Stabilized water demand
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Rapid population growth leads to increased demand for water, resulting in dwindling per capita water availability.

Chapter Concept:

Demographic Transition and Water Scarcity

A.

High rainfall throughout the year

B.

Extensive agricultural activities

C.

Industrial demand

D.

Urban domestic use
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The high groundwater utilization in Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu is primarily due to extensive agricultural activities, which require significant water resources.

Chapter Concept:

Surface and Groundwater Utilization

A.

Increasing groundwater table

B.

Preventing saltwater intrusion

C.

Reducing surface runoff

D.

Enhancing water quality
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Rainwater harvesting reduces surface runoff, which in turn minimizes soil erosion by allowing more water to percolate into the ground.

Chapter Concept:

Water Conservation and Management Strategies

A.

It focuses on urban water supply management.

B.

It aims to enhance irrigation and promote efficient water use in agriculture.

C.

It regulates industrial water consumption.

D.

It provides subsidies for desalination plants.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) aims to enhance irrigation access and promote efficient water use in agriculture, thereby improving water resource management.

Chapter Concept:

Water Quality and Pollution

A.

Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Barak

B.

Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri

C.

Sabarmati, Mahi, and Narmada

D.

Pennar, Brahmani, and Baitarni
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Barak river basins have large catchment areas and receive high precipitation, accounting for 60% of India's total surface water resources.

Chapter Concept:

Surface and Groundwater Utilization

A.

To increase the groundwater table indiscriminately

B.

To balance natural resource use and conservation

C.

To promote monoculture farming

D.

To eliminate all agricultural activities
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Watershed management aims to balance the use and conservation of natural resources, ensuring sustainable development and resource availability.

Chapter Concept:

Irrigation and Agricultural Water Demand

A.

Increased agricultural productivity

B.

Rise in groundwater levels

C.

Depletion of groundwater and increased salinity

D.

Expansion of agricultural land
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Over-utilization of groundwater in regions like Punjab and Haryana has led to depletion of groundwater levels and increased salinity in the soil, impacting agricultural sustainability.

Chapter Concept:

Irrigation and Agricultural Water Demand

A.

Construction of percolation tanks

B.

Desalination of seawater

C.

Inter-linking of rivers

D.

Use of drip irrigation systems
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Percolation tanks are designed to enhance groundwater recharge by allowing water to percolate into the ground, thereby preventing surface runoff.

Chapter Concept:

Water Conservation and Management Strategies

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Water Resources

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The text explains that water scarcity is a significant challenge due to increased demand and shrinking supplies caused by overutilization and pollution.

Chapter Concept :

Demographic Transition and Water Scarcity

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The total utilisable water resource in India is 1,122 cubic km, not 1,869 cubic km.

Chapter Concept :

Water Resources Distribution in India

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Jal Kranti Abhiyan aims to create mass awareness through various channels including social media, radio, TV, print media, and competitions in schools.

Chapter Concept :

Water Conservation and Management Strategies

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Rainwater harvesting increases water availability and improves the quality of groundwater through dilution of contaminants, such as fluoride and nitrates.

Chapter Concept :

Water Conservation and Management Strategies

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The states of Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu have a very high level of groundwater utilization, contrary to the statement.

Chapter Concept :

Water Resources Distribution in India

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Irrigation is crucial in India due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across different regions and seasons, making it essential for agricultural productivity.

Chapter Concept :

Irrigation and Agricultural Water Demand

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Jal Kranti Abhiyan, launched by the Government of India, aims to ensure water security by involving local bodies, NGOs, and citizens to create awareness about water conservation and management.

Chapter Concept :

National Water Policy and Jal Kranti Abhiyan

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Jal Kranti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India in 2015-16 aims to ensure water security through per capita availability of water in the country. It involves local bodies, NGOs, and citizens to create awareness regarding its objectives.

Chapter Concept :

National Water Policy and Jal Kranti Abhiyan

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The demographic transition and geographical population shifts are expected to exacerbate the challenge of water scarcity due to increased demand and shrinking supplies caused by overutilization and pollution.

Chapter Concept :

Demographic Transition and Water Scarcity

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Irrigation is essential in Indian agriculture because of the spatio-temporal variability in rainfall, not uniform distribution.

Chapter Concept :

Irrigation and Agricultural Water Demand

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