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Geography – Indian Physical Environment

Drainage System

Drainage System

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Drainage Systems and Patterns
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High
Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage Systems
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Indian River Basins and Watersheds
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River Evolution and Geomorphic Processes
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River Pollution and Management
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Socio-Economic Implications of River Inter-Linking
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Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

  • Understand the concept of drainage systems and patterns, including dendritic, radial, trellis, and centripetal, and their relation to geological time periods, rock structures, and topography.
  • Explore the major river basins and watersheds in India, focusing on the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus systems, and their catchment areas and discharge patterns.
  • Compare the Himalayan and Peninsular drainage systems, noting differences in river characteristics such as perennial versus non-perennial flow and the presence of gorges and valleys.
  • Study the evolution of river systems and geomorphic processes, with emphasis on tectonic activities like the uplift of the Himalayas and their impact on river courses.
  • Analyze the socio-economic implications of river inter-linking in India, including benefits and challenges related to flood management and water distribution.
  • Examine the causes of river pollution, such as industrial effluents and urban waste, and evaluate strategies for river conservation and pollution control, including initiatives like the Ganga Action Plan.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Chapter Notes

Drainage Systems and Patterns

  • Drainage: The flow of water through well-defined channels.
  • Drainage System: Network of such channels.
  • Drainage Patterns:
    • Dendritic: Resembles tree branches; common in northern plains.
    • Radial: Rivers flow in all directions from a central point, e.g., Amarkantak range.
    • Trellis: Primary tributaries flow parallel, secondary join at right angles.
    • Centripetal: Rivers discharge into a central depression or lake.

Indian River Basins and Watersheds

  • River Basin: Area drained by a river and its tributaries.
  • Watershed: Smaller area drained by a river or stream.
  • Major Indian River Basins:
    • Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, etc.
  • Drainage Orientation:
    • Arabian Sea drainage (23%)
    • Bay of Bengal drainage (77%)

Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage Systems

  • Himalayan Drainage:
    • Perennial rivers, e.g., Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra.
    • Features: Gorges, V-shaped valleys.
  • Peninsular Drainage:
    • Older, mature rivers, e.g., Godavari, Krishna.
    • Features: Fixed courses, non-perennial flow.

River Evolution and Geomorphic Processes

  • Himalayan Rivers: Evolved with the uplift of the Himalayas.
  • Peninsular Rivers: Shaped by subsidence and tilting of the Peninsular block.

Socio-Economic Implications of River Inter-Linking

  • Benefits:
    • Flood management.
    • Water distribution.
    • Regional planning.
  • Challenges:
    • Terrain unevenness.
    • Water lifting from plains to plateaus.

River Pollution and Management

  • Causes of Pollution:
    • Industrial effluents, urban waste.
    • Ritualistic activities.
  • Management Strategies:
    • Ganga Action Plan.
    • Namami Gange Programme: Focus on pollution abatement, conservation, and rejuvenation.
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Practice Test – MCQs, True/False

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Multiple Choice Questions

A.

23%

B.

50%

C.

77%

D.

100%
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

77% of India's drainage area, including major river systems like the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is oriented towards the Bay of Bengal.

Chapter Concept:

Indian River Basins and Watersheds

A.

Dendritic

B.

Radial

C.

Trellis

D.

Centripetal
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The radial drainage pattern is characterized by rivers originating from a central point, such as a hill, and flowing outward in all directions.

Chapter Concept:

Drainage Systems and Patterns

A.

Improved flood management

B.

Increased urban pollution

C.

Decreased agricultural productivity

D.

Reduced biodiversity
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Inter-linking rivers can help in managing floods by redirecting excess water to areas that need it, thus improving flood management.

Chapter Concept:

Socio-Economic Implications of River Inter-Linking

A.

Rivers flowing parallel and joining at right angles

B.

Rivers resembling the branches of a tree

C.

Rivers discharging waters into a central lake or depression

D.

Rivers originating from a hill and flowing in all directions
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

A centripetal drainage pattern is characterized by rivers discharging their waters from all directions into a central lake or depression.

Chapter Concept:

River Pollution and Management

A.

Presence of perennial rivers

B.

Rivers with fixed courses and non-perennial flow

C.

Formation of V-shaped valleys

D.

Rivers originating from glaciers
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Peninsular drainage system is characterized by older, mature rivers with fixed courses and non-perennial flow, unlike the Himalayan drainage system.

Chapter Concept:

Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage Systems

A.

Geological time periods

B.

Topography and slope

C.

Rock structures

D.

Amount of water flow
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Topography and slope are the primary factors influencing the direction of river flow, as they determine the gradient and path the water will follow.

Chapter Concept:

Drainage Systems and Patterns

A.

High sediment load from the upper reaches

B.

Lack of proper embankments

C.

Heavy rainfall in the catchment area

D.

Human intervention and dam construction
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Kosi River carries a high sediment load from its upper reaches, which leads to the blocking of its course and frequent changes.

Chapter Concept:

Indian River Basins and Watersheds

A.

Perennial rivers

B.

Fixed courses

C.

Non-perennial flow

D.

Absence of meanders
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Himalayan drainage system is characterized by perennial rivers due to snowmelt and precipitation.

Chapter Concept:

Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage Systems

A.

Subansiri

B.

Dibang

C.

Lohit

D.

Burhi Dihing
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Subansiri River, originating in Tibet, is a major right bank tributary of the Brahmaputra in India.

Chapter Concept:

Indian River Basins and Watersheds

A.

Ganga

B.

Kosi

C.

Yamuna

D.

Brahmaputra
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Kosi River is known for bringing a huge quantity of sediments from its upper reaches, often leading to changes in its course.

Chapter Concept:

River Pollution and Management

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Drainage System

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True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ganga river system is the largest in India with a basin covering about 8.6 lakh sq. km.

Chapter Concept :

Indian River Basins and Watersheds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Peninsular rivers are characterized by a fixed course, absence of meanders, and non-perennial flow of water.

Chapter Concept :

River Evolution and Geomorphic Processes

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Narmada and Tapi rivers are exceptions among the Peninsular rivers as they flow through rift valleys and discharge into the Arabian Sea, unlike most Peninsular rivers which flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal.

Chapter Concept :

River Evolution and Geomorphic Processes

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

A centripetal drainage pattern is characterized by rivers converging towards a central point, often a depression or lake, not flowing outward.

Chapter Concept :

Drainage Systems and Patterns

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Industrial effluents and urban waste are explicitly listed as causes of river pollution.

Chapter Concept :

River Pollution and Management

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Narmada and Tapi rivers are unique in the Peninsular drainage system as they flow through rift valleys, unlike most Peninsular rivers.

Chapter Concept :

Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage Systems

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

A dendritic drainage pattern resembles the branching pattern of tree roots, which is typical of rivers in the northern plains.

Chapter Concept :

Drainage Systems and Patterns

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Indian drainage system is classified into the Himalayan drainage and the Peninsular drainage based on their origin, nature, and characteristics.

Chapter Concept :

Indian River Basins and Watersheds

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Himalayan drainage system includes rivers that are fed by both melting snow and precipitation, making them perennial.

Chapter Concept :

Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage Systems

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Himalayan drainage system includes the Ganga, the Indus, and the Brahmaputra river basins, which are perennial because they are fed by both melting snow and precipitation.

Chapter Concept :

River Evolution and Geomorphic Processes

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